Object–subject–verb word order
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Sidebar".
In linguistic typology, the object–subject–verb (OSV) or object–agent–verb (OAV) word order is a structure where the object of a sentence precedes both the subject and the verb. Although this word order is rarely found as the default in most languages, it does occur as the unmarked or neutral order in a few Amazonian languages, including Xavante and Apurinã. In many other languages, OSV can be used in marked sentences to convey emphasis or focus, often as a stylistic device rather than a normative structure. OSV constructions appear in languages as diverse as Chinese, Finnish, and British Sign Language, typically to emphasize or topicalize the object. Examples of OSV structures can also be found in certain contexts within English, Hebrew, and other languages through the use of syntactic inversion for emphasis or rhetorical effect. The OSV order is also culturally recognizable through its use by the character Yoda in Star Wars.[1]
An example of this word order in English would be "Apples Sam ate" (meaning, Sam ate apples).
Unmarked word order
Natural languages
OSV is rarely used in unmarked sentences, which use a normal word order without emphasis. Most languages that use OSV as their default word order come from the Amazon basin, such as Xavante, Jamamadi, Apurinã, Warao, Kayabí and Nadëb.[2] Mizo language also uses OSV in unmarked sentences. Here is an example from Apurinã:[2]
British Sign Language (BSL) normally uses topic–comment structure, but its default word order when topic–comment structure is not used is OSV.
Marked word order
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Various languages allow OSV word order but only in marked sentences, which emphasise part or all of the sentence.
Chinese
Passive constructions in Chinese follow an OSV (OAV) pattern through the use of the particle 被:
Template:Fs interlinear Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
English
In English, object-subject-verb order is atypical but can be used for contrastive focus, as in: That car we bought at least five years ago. The other one we only bought last year.[3]
Finnish
Finnish has a remarkably lax word order[4] and so emphasis on the object is often marked simply by putting it first in the sentence.[5] The word by word translation in example (1) would be "you I love!" and expresses a contrast to maybe loving someone else. Template:Interlinear
This word order is totally natural and quite often used for emphasis. Example (2) expresses the contrast of refusing to eat something else (like something more healthy).
Hebrew
In Modern Hebrew, OSV is often used instead of the normal SVO to emphasise the object. אני אוהב אותה would mean "I love her", but "אותה אני אוהב" would mean "It is she whom I love".[6] Possibly an influence of Germanic (via Yiddish), as Jewish English uses a similar construction ("You, I like, kid") much more than many other varieties of English and often with the "it is" left implicit.
Hungarian
In Hungarian, OSV emphasises the subject:
A szócikket én szerkesztettem = The article/I/edited (It was I, not somebody else, who edited the article).
Korean and Japanese
Korean and Japanese have SOV by default, but since they are topic-prominent languages, they often seem to be OSV when the object is topicalized. Here is an example in Korean: Template:Fs interlinear
An almost identical syntax is possible in Japanese: Template:Fs interlinear
Malayalam
OSV is one of the permissible word orders in Malayalam, the other being SOV. Here is an example of this occurring in Malayalam:
Portuguese
OSV is possible in Portuguese to emphasize the object.
Turkish
OSV is used in Turkish to emphasize the subject:
See also
- Yoda, a popular Star Wars character who speaks in the object–subject–verb word order
- Yoda conditions - a style of writing conditionals in computer programming languages
Template:Language word order frequency