Paralichthyidae
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Large-tooth flounders or sand flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders.[1][2] The family contains 14 genera with a total of about 110 species. They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are always on the left side of the head, while the Pleuronectidae usually (but not always) have their eyes on the right side of the head.[3]
They are found in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.[4]
Several species are important commercial and game fishes, notably the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus and the Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus.
Phylogenetic analyses have long indicated the non-monophyly of this family e.g.,[5] and two lineages have been consistently apparent. Termed groups, the two groups were named after genera: a Cyclopsetta group and a Pseudorhombus group (see summary in [6]). A formal description of Cyclopsettidae in 2019 created this family consisting of four genera: Cyclopsetta, Etropus, Citharichthys, and Syacium corresponding to the previously recognized Cyclopsetta group.[6] Molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates that Paralichthyidae in this sense is sister to Pleuronectidae and Cyclopsettidae is sister to Bothidae e.g.[7]
The earliest known fossil remains of the Paralichthyidae are Late Eocene-aged fossil otoliths assigned to Citharichthys altissimus from Louisiana, USA.[8] One extinct fossil genus is known in Evesthes from the Late Miocene of California, USA.[9]
References
Template:Sister project Template:Reflist
Template:Flatfish Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfishbase - ↑ Kells, V.; and Carpenter, K. (2011). A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Paralichthyidae" World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-1-26.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".