Onbashira

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The Script error: No such module "Nihongo". are four wooden posts or pillars that stand on the four corners of local shrines in the Lake Suwa area of Nagano Prefecture (historical Shinano Province), Japan. The largest and most famous set of Template:Nihongo3 are those that stand on the four shrines that make up the Suwa Grand Shrine complex.

By custom, the Template:Nihongo3 are replaced every six (traditionally reckoned as seven) years, in the years of the Monkey and the Tiger in the Chinese zodiac. In Suwa Shrine, this occurs during the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., which also functions as a symbolic renewal of the shrine's buildings. During the festival, sixteen specially chosen fir trees are felled and then transported down a mountain, where they are then erected at the four corners of each shrine. Festival participants ride the Template:Nihongo3 as they are slid down the mountain, dragged to the shrine, and raised, and the festival has the reputation of being the most dangerous in Japan due to the number of people regularly injured or killed while riding the logs. This festival, which lasts several months, consists of two main segments, Template:Nihongo3 and Template:Nihongo3. Template:Nihongo3 traditionally takes place in April, and Template:Nihongo3 takes place in May.[1] For 2022, the Template:Nihongo3 portion has been cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, but the Template:Nihongo3 is still scheduled to begin on 3 May.[2]Template:Update inline

Background

Suwa Shrine

What is known today as 'Suwa (Grand) Shrine', Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., was originally two distinct sites made up of four individual shrines: the Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and the Script error: No such module "Nihongo". comprise the Upper Shrine Script error: No such module "Nihongo". located in the modern-day cities of Suwa and Chino on the southeastern side of Lake Suwa, respectively, while the Script error: No such module "Nihongo". and Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in the town of Shimosuwa on the opposite (northern) side of the lake make up the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[3][4][5][6]

File:諏訪大社 上社本宮 - panoramio.jpg
The Kamisha Honmiya's hall of worship or haiden

The shrine's deity, known either as Suwa Daimyōjin or Takeminakata, was worshipped since antiquity as a god of wind and water,[7] as well as a patron of hunting and warfare.[8] In this latter capacity, he enjoyed a particularly fervent cult from various samurai clans during the Middle Ages.[9] The Upper Shrine is dedicated to Suwa Daimyōjin himself, while his consort, the goddess Yasakatome, is worshipped in the Lower Shrine.

Like others among Japan's oldest shrines, the Template:Nihongo3 and the two shrines of the Template:Nihongo3 do not have a honden, the building that normally enshrines the shrine deity.[10] Instead, the Upper Shrine's objects of worship were the sacred mountain behind the Template:Nihongo3,[11][12] a Script error: No such module "Nihongo". upon which Suwa Daimyōjin was thought to descend,[13] and the shrine's former high priest or Ōhōri Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler who was considered to be the physical incarnation of the god himself.[14] This was later joined by two Buddhist structures (no longer extant since the Meiji period): a stone pagoda in the shrine's inner sanctum known as the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., 'iron tower', and a sanctuary to the bodhisattva Samantabhadra (Fugen)—Suwa Daimyōjin being considered to be a manifestation of this bodhisattva—on the sacred mountain.[15] Meanwhile, the Lower Shrine's objects of worship are sacred trees: a sugi tree in the Template:Nihongo3, and a yew tree in the Template:Nihongo3.[10][16]

Template:Multiple image Unlike today, there were originally far fewer buildings in the precincts: in the Template:Nihongo3's case, medieval records for instance indicate that the shrine's most sacred area where a worship hall (haiden) now stands once featured only a torii gate and the god's dwelling place, the Template:Nihongo3, demarcated by a kind of fence (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".).[17][18]

The Template:Nihongo3

All four shrines of the Suwa Shrine complex are each surrounded on their four corners by large wooden pillars known as the Template:Nihongo3. These pillars are all currently made out of momi fir tree trunks,[4] though wood from other trees such as larch or Japanese cedar were also used in the past.[19]

The largest of a set of four Template:Nihongo3, measuring 5 jō and 5 shaku (approx. 16.6 meters) high, is designated as the 'first pillar' or Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., while the remaining three pillars—the Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., and Script error: No such module "Nihongo".—are five Template:Nihongo3 (approx. 15 m), four Template:Nihongo3 and five Template:Nihongo3 (approx. 13.6 m), and four Template:Nihongo3 (approx. 12 m), respectively.[20]

An Template:Nihongo3's girth is traditionally determined by measuring the uncut tree's circumference at eye level, Template:Nihongo3.[20][21] The actual thickness of the logs used may vary: the largest Template:Nihongo3 in recent history in terms of girth is the Template:Nihongo3's Template:Nihongo3 used in the festival of 1950 (Shōwa 25).[21][22]

Aside from the large Template:Nihongo3 at Suwa Shrine, smaller Template:Nihongo3 are also erected in its branch shrines throughout the country. Template:Nihongo3 are also found in many local shrines in historical Suwa district (see pictures on left).

File:Wu Xing.png
Diagram of the interactions between the five Chinese elements or Wu Xing

Origins and symbolism

The Template:Nihongo3's origins and original purpose are shrouded in mystery. They have been variously interpreted among other things as relics of much larger structures, a kind of barrier or boundary marker (cf. the Korean jangseung), as totem poles,[23] or even as symbolic substitutes for rebuilding the entire shrine complex.[24] Some scholars meanwhile consider the practice of erecting sacred pillars to derive ultimately from prehistoric tree worship, citing the remains of wooden poles or slabs discovered in various Jōmon period sites in apparently ritualistic contexts as potential parallels to the Suwa Template:Nihongo3.[25][26][27][28][29]

File:Three Unities (Sanhe).png
Diagram of the Three Unities (三合, Japanese: Sangō); the three branch signs under the fire element (三合火局) – Tiger (寅), Horse (午) and Dog (戌) – are marked in red.
Template:Nihongo3 and Chinese philosophy

Possible influences by the Chinese theory of the five elements and the concept of the Earthly Branches in the ceremony of erecting Template:Nihongo3—at least that of the Upper Shrine—have been observed. For instance, the ritual roughly reflects the elements' cycle of generation (wood begets fire, fire begets earth, earth begets metal), in that the Upper Shrine's Template:Nihongo3 are made out of trees from a mountain to the east (associated with the element of wood) and are brought to the shrine, located south (fire) of Lake Suwa (north, water) in order to replace old Template:Nihongo3 (earth), which are taken down and brought to Hachiryū Shrine in the former village of Chū-kaneko (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler, with Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler meaning metal), now a part of Suwa City.[30] The custom of hammering ornamental sickles (Template:Nihongo3) to the trees selected to become Template:Nihongo3 has also been linked to the idea of the element of metal overcoming wood, with the sickle being thought to pacify or 'cut' violent winds, which is associated with the wood element (cf. Suwa Daimyōjin being a wind god).[31]

The generating relationship between wood and fire and their connection with the Suwa deity is also seen in a medieval document known as the Template:Nihongo3, which associates Suwa Daimyōjin's birth and later 'disappearance' with the year of the Yang Wood Horse, Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., the Horse being associated with the south, the direction of fire.[32]

The timing of the Onbashira Festival, which falls during the Zodiac years of the Tiger and the Monkey, and the rebuilding of the Upper Shrine's Template:Nihongo3 or treasure halls (see below) at noon—the hour of the Horse—are seen as corresponding with the concept of the Three Unities (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler, Chinese: Template:Lang-zh, Japanese: Template:Nihongo3),[33] where four of the five elements are assigned three branch signs each, representing Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., and Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[34][35] The zodiac signs of the Tiger and the Horse are both associated with the 'birth' and 'peak' aspects of fire.[33]

History of the festival

File:Kiyomizudera engi emaki - Scroll1 Pic11 (cropped).jpg
The general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro was said to have been assisted in his war against the Emishi by the deity of Suwa (Detail from a scene in the Kiyomizu-dera Engi Emaki)

Origins

Suwa Shrine's Template:Nihongo3 Festival, officially known as the Template:Nihongo3 (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler, lit. "Great Festival (of the) Periodic Building (of the Shrines and the) Template:Nihongo3"),[36] is popularly reckoned to have a 1,200 year history.[37][38][1] The Suwa Daimyōjin Ekotoba (written 1356) claims that the custom of reconstructing (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) shrine edifices during the years of the Monkey and the Tiger started during the reign of Emperor Kanmu in the late 8th to early 9th century (early Heian period).[39][27][28]

One legend concerning Suwa Daimyōjin claims that he appeared to the general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, appointed by Emperor Kanmu to subjugate the indigenous Emishi of northeastern Japan.[8][40][41][42] In thanksgiving for the god's miraculous assistance in Tamuramaro's campaign, the imperial court was said to have decreed the establishment of the various religious ceremonies of Suwa Shrine.[43]

Kamakura, Muromachi, and Sengoku periods

File:Suwa Taisha Honmiya, Western Hōden (諏訪大社 本宮 西宝殿).jpg
The western hōden or 'treasure hall' (西宝殿) located in the Kamisha Honmiya. Both it and the eastern hōden (東宝殿) beside it are traditionally rebuilt in turns every six years: during an onbashira year the mikoshi inside either one of these two hōden is transferred to the other structure, where it will stay for six years; the emptied hōden is then torn down, rebuilt, and remains unoccupied for as long as the mikoshi is in the other building. In all, a given hōden stands for twelve years before it is reconstructed.

According to the Template:Nihongo3, the periodic rebuilding (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) of structures (every six years) in the Upper and Lower Shrines such as the 'treasure halls' or Template:Nihongo3 where the shrines' mikoshi are kept was decreed to be a 'perpetual duty' (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) of the whole province of Shinano, with the inhabitants of the various districts of the province responsible for organizing the event.[39][27] Such was indeed the case until the shrines experienced a period of decline during the Sengoku period.[39]

The Template:Nihongo3 describes the preparations for the rebuilding thus: at the onset of spring, the governor (kokushi) of Shinano would appoint officials who collected the necessary funds from the populace from checkpoints or toll booths (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) set up in provincial roads in exchange for Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., official certifications stamped with the sacred seals of the Upper and Lower Shrines.[44][45] The rebuilding of the shrines was undertaken by artisans assembled from all across the province, while thousands of people were assigned the task of erecting the Template:Nihongo3 into place, one or two thousand for each pillar.[46]

Due to the exorbitant amount of money required for the project, locals traditionally avoided or postponed special occasions like marriages, coming-of-age ceremonies, or even funerals during the year.[47][48] In addition, observance of the event in the proper time was considered essential: failure to obey these taboos was thought to incur divine punishment.[49]

The upheavals of the Sengoku period threatened Suwa Shrine and its religious rites. Indeed, the shrine's ceremonies would have been lost to oblivion had not the warlord Takeda Shingen, a staunch devotee of the Suwa deity, took steps to revive their performance.[50] In 1565, after he had fully conquered the whole of Shinano Province, Shingen issued an order for the reinstitution of the religious rites of both the Template:Nihongo3 and the Template:Nihongo3, the Template:Nihongo3 being one of them.[51][52]

In 1582 (Tenshō 10), the eldest son of Oda Nobunaga, Nobutada, led an army into Takeda-controlled Shinano and burned the Upper Shrine of Suwa to the ground.[53][54][55] The shrine, which was destroyed in the invasion, was subsequently rebuilt on schedule two years later, in 1584 (Tenshō 12, year of the Yang Wood Monkey).[48]

Edo period onwards

The introduction of the bakuhan system in the Edo period effectively ended the 'perpetual' obligation of periodically rebuilding the shrines and replacing their Template:Nihongo3 being imposed on the whole province of Shinano. Since then, these duties became the sole affair of the villages of Suwa (a.k.a. Takashima) Domain, where the shrines were.[56]

It is from around the Edo and the following Meiji periods[57] that the raising of the Template:Nihongo3 gradually turned into a grand festival, overshadowing the Template:Nihongo3 itself. It is thought that some of the current practices associated with the event may have been influenced by the rebuilding ceremony practiced at Ise Shrine.[58] By the later half of the period, viewing galleries were being built for the huge crowds who gathered to witness the festival.[48]

The establishment of State Shinto after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 changed the religious landscape of Suwa. As the union between Shinto and Buddhism that existed then at the shrines—as in most places in Japan—was brought to an end[59] and control over the Upper and Lower Shrines (merged into a single institution in 1871) was turned over from local priestly families to the government, the Onbashira Festival itself underwent massive changes.[48]

Formerly, the task of procuring and raising the Template:Nihongo3 were assigned to different villages every time via mutual agreement. In 1890, it was decided that lottery will be used henceforth to determine which villages will be assigned which Template:Nihongo3 during a given festival.[48][60] While the villages under the Upper Shrine's jurisdiction (currently districts in the modern-day cities of Chino and Suwa, the town of Fujimi, and the village of Hara) are still allotted their respective Template:Nihongo3 via lottery to this very day, the responsible villages for the Lower Shrine's Template:Nihongo3 soon decided to do away with the lottery for the 1902 festival and instead permanently assigned particular villages to a particular Template:Nihongo3, an arrangement that continues to this day.[61][62]

File:Suwa taisha harumiya04bs3200.jpg
The Shimosha Harumiya's kagura hall with two onbashira visible in the background.

The Lower Shrine's iconic Template:Nihongo3, wherein the Template:Nihongo3 are slid down a steep hill (the Template:Nihongo3) as men attempt to ride it, originated from the Meiji period onwards. Unlike the Upper Shrine, which had a specially designated area from which to obtain the wooden logs, the Lower Shrine originally used tree trunks obtained from different nearby mountains; it was not until 1895 that the forest of Higashimata Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in Shimosuwa was established as the sole source for the Lower Shrine's Template:Nihongo3 and the current route which passes through the hill was adopted.[63]

In 1914 (Taishō 3), 21-year-old Tomoya Nakamura Script error: No such module "Nihongo". became the first known person to ride an Template:Nihongo3 as it was being slid down the Template:Nihongo3. He is said to have repeated the same feat during the subsequent five festivals, making him a local legend.[64] It apparently took some time for others to imitate Nakamura: a photograph attached to a newspaper article about the festival in 1920 distinctly shows no one on the Template:Nihongo3 depicted.[65] It was only from the festivals of 1926 and 1932 that reports of log-riding began to appear.[66]

During the final years of World War II, as Japan's military situation became more desperate, the government began altering its original conscription laws, so that in 1943, all male students over the age of 20 became subject to the draft, whereas they had formerly been exempted. By 1944, men under 20—some as young as 15—were being pressured to serve in the military.[67][68] Due to the lack of able-bodied adult men, the Onbashira Festival of 1944 (Shōwa 19) was performed mainly by women (who formerly did not take part in the proceedings) and by older men who were not pressed into military service.[69] During the festival, then-mayor of Shimosuwa, Tokichi Takagi Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., died from an accident during the Template:Nihongo3. It has since become customary to pray for safety during the proceedings before a monument dedicated to his memory.[70][71]

The festival of 1950 (Shōwa 25), the first to be held after the war, marked the first time women were officially allowed to participate in the event.[48]

Description of the festival

Selecting the trees

Preparations for the festival commences with the process of selecting the trees that will be turned into Template:Nihongo3, the Template:Nihongo3. In the Upper Shrine's case, a preliminary inspection (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) is performed two years before a given festival, with the formal selection process (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) being held a year after this.[72]

The Upper Shrine's Template:Nihongo3 are made from momi fir trees procured from Mount Okoya (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".)—part of the Southern Yatsugatake Mountains—in the village of Hara,[73] while those of the Lower Shrine are taken from the forest of Higashimata Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in the town of Shimosuwa.[73]

File:ONBASHIRA festival (tree drop) Nagano,JAPAN.jpg
Yamadashi tree drop
File:Suwataisya kamisya kawagoshi.JPG
Pulling onbashira across river

Template:Nihongo3

Template:Nihongo3 literally means "coming out of the mountains". Sixteen fir trees, usually about Template:Convert tall, are selected and cut down in a Shinto ceremony using specially made axes and adzes.[38][1] The logs are decorated in red and white regalia, the traditional colors of Shinto ceremonies, and ropes are attached. During Template:Nihongo3, teams of people drag the logs down the mountain towards the shrine. The course of the logs goes over rough terrain, and at certain points the logs must be skidded or dropped down steep slopes. Young men prove their bravery by riding the logs, which can weigh as much as 12 tons,[74] down the hill in a ceremony known as Template:Nihongo3 ("tree falling").

Template:Nihongo3

During Template:Nihongo3, held about a month later, the logs are paraded to the four shrine buildings where they will be erected: Honmiya, Maemiya, Harumiya, and Akimiya.[75] Four Template:Nihongo3 are erected at each building, one at each corner. The logs are raised with ropes by hand, and while they are being raised, a ceremonial group of log bearers ride the logs and sing and perform other feats.[38][1] This ceremony was performed as part of the opening ceremonies of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.[38][75]

After the two festivals, there is an important event, the "Building of Template:Nihongo3". This event, which marks the end of Template:Nihongo3, is not as famous as Template:Nihongo3 and Template:Nihongo3.

Incidents

Template:Nihongo3 has a reputation for being the most dangerous festival in Japan, and it has led to the injury and death of participants. There were fatal incidents in 1980, 1986, 1992,[76] 2010,[76][77] and 2016.[76] In 1992, two men drowned while a log was being pulled across a river.[76] In 2010, two men, Noritoshi Masuzawa, 45, and Kazuya Hirata, 33, died after falling from a height of Template:Convert as a tree trunk was being raised on the grounds of the Suwa Grand Shrine. Two other men were injured in the same accident, which organizers say occurred when a guide-wire supporting the Template:Convert tree gave way.[77] In 2016, one man died falling from a tree as it was being raised at the shrine.[76]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Works cited

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  • Inoue, Takami (2003). "The Interaction between Buddhist and Shinto Traditions at Suwa Shrine." In Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Tanigawa, ed. (1987). p. 129.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Yazaki (1986). p. 22.
  8. ↑ a b Yazaki (1986). p. 24.
  9. ↑ Yazaki (1986). p. 25.
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Tanigawa, ed. (1987). p. 132-135.
  14. ↑ Tanigawa, ed. (1987). p. 135-136.
  15. ↑ Inoue (2003). pp. 349–350.
  16. ↑ Tanigawa, ed. (1987). p. 142.
  17. ↑ Miyasaka (1992). p. 159.
  18. ↑ Yazaki (1986). p. 96.
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Miyasaka (1992). p. 180.
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Muraoka (1969). pp. 87–89.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Ōwa, Iwao (1987). 諏訪の神と古代ヤマト王権 (Suwa no Kami to Kodai Yamato Ōken). In Tanigawa, ed. pp. 178–180.
  32. ↑ Hara (2012). pp. 219.
  33. ↑ a b Hara (2012). pp. 221-222.
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b c Tanigawa, ed. (1987). p. 152.
  40. ↑ Konishi (2014). p. 526.
  41. ↑ Yamashita (2006). pp. 13–14.
  42. ↑ Wakita (2007). p. 92.
  43. ↑ Muraoka (1969). p. 87.
  44. ↑ Miyasaka (1992). pp. 156–157, 163–164.
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Miyasaka (1992). pp. 156–157.
  47. ↑ Miyasaka (1992). p. 154.
  48. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Miyasaka (1992). pp. 157–159.
  50. ↑ Matsui (2013). p. 24.
  51. ↑ Tanigawa, ed. (1987). pp. 137, 152–153.
  52. ↑ Yazaki (1986). p. 26.
  53. ↑ Turnbull (2012). p. 156.
  54. ↑ Furukawa (1988). p. 148.
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Tanigawa, ed. (1987). p. 153.
  57. ↑ Ishikawa (2008). p. 112.
  58. ↑ Yazaki (1986). p. 45.
  59. ↑ Inoue (2003). pp. 362–371.
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Ishikawa (2008). p. 117.
  63. ↑ Ishikawa (2008). p. 113.
  64. ↑ Ishikawa (2008). pp. 113–114.
  65. ↑ Ishikawa (2008). p. 120.
  66. ↑ Ishikawa (2008). pp. 118–120.
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Miyasaka (1992). p. 164.
  73. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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