Mongsen Ao language

File:WIKITONGUES- Imtimeren speaking Mongsen and English.webm

A Mongsen Ao speaker speaking Mongsen and English.

Mongsen Ao is a member of the Ao languages, a branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, predominantly spoken in central Mokokchung district of Nagaland, northeast India. Its speakers see the language as one of two varieties of a greater "Ao language," along with the prestige variety Chungli Ao.

A chapter in the anthropological monograph of Mills (1926) provides a grammatical sketch of the variety of Mongsen Ao spoken in Longjang village. Coupe (2003) is one of the few acoustic studies published on a Kuki-Chin-Naga language (only three exist). Coupe (2007) is a reference grammar of the language, based on a revision of his PhD dissertation (Coupe 2004).

Alphabet

The Ao alphabet is based on the Latin script and was developed in the 1880s by the Christian missionary Edward W. Clark for Chungli Ao. The system is not based on phonemic principles and does not represent tone. A Christian Bible was published using the orthography in 1964. Coupe (2003) suggests a more consistent alphabet for Mongsen Ao.

A, B, C, E, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, R, S, T, U, Y, Z, Ü

Phonology

This section describes the sound system of Mongsen Ao as spoken in Mangmetong village and is based on Coupe (2007).

Vowels

Mongsen Ao has 6 vowels:

	Front	Central		Back
		modal	creaky
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Mid		Template:IPA link
Open		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

• The high central is rounded.
• The two low vowels differ in terms of phonation type. has modal voice (i.e. normal phonation); has creaky voice (also known as vocal fry, laryngealization). Coupe (2003) argues that this is a separate vowel phoneme and not a tone, a glottal stop, or resulting from prosodic effects.

Consonants

Mongsen Ao has 27 consonants:

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link
Plosive	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link
Affricate		Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link
Fricative		Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link
Lateral		Template:IPA link   Template:IPA link

• Dental consonants are laminal denti-alveolar.
• The post-alveolar approximant varies from an apical post-alveolar to subapical retroflex: .
• The glottal stop occurs only at the end of words. However, in this position it contrasts with words ending in vowels: 'spear' vs. 'person'. When a suffix is added to such words, the is deleted: 'to eat' + CAUS → 'to cause to eat'. Thus, the glottal stop has a somewhat marginal phonemic status.

Tone

Ao is a tonal language with 3 contrasting lexical tones:

• high
• mid
• low

All are register tones.

Syllable and phonotactics

The generalized syllable structure of Ao is abbreviated as the following:

(C₁)V(G)(C₂)+T

(C₁)

• Any of the 20 consonants may appear as an optional syllable onset (excluding the word-final ).

V

• All 6 vowels may occur as the syllable nucleus.

(G)

• The optional glide elements following the head vowel are essentially non-syllabic offglide realizations of the 4 vowels . For example, → 'species of centipede'.
• The following are the possible tautsyllabic combinations: .

(C₂)

• The following consonants may occur in the optional syllable coda: unaspirated stops, nasals, and the rhotic . The glottal stop with its restricted distribution also occurs but only word-finally.

T

All syllables occur with one of the three tones. In a VG sequence, tone only occurs the vowel head.

Syntax

Ao is an SOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives follow the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. Adverbial subordinators are suffixes attached to the verb and the end of the subordinate clause.

See also

• Ao Naga

Bibliography

• Template:Cite thesis
• Template:Cite thesis

External links

• Ao Naga Tribe
• Ao
• Bible Translation in Ao Naga (Language in India)
• Narrating an Ao Naga Folktale (Language in India)