Sikh gurus

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Multiple imageThe Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469.[1] The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. Nine other human gurus succeeded him until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith.[2] The guruship was also passed onto the Guru Panth, consisting of the Khalsa; however, this form of guruship went into decline following to rise of Ranjit Singh.[3][4]

Etymology and definition

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Guru (Template:IPAc-en, UK alsoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ, IAST: guru) is a Sanskrit term for a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field.[5] Bhai Vir Singh, in his dictionary of Guru Granth Sahib describes the term Guru as a combination of two separate units: "Gu;(ਗੁ)" meaning darkness and "Rū;(ਰੂ)" which means light.[6] Hence, Guru is who brings light into darkness or in other words, the one who enlightens. Bhai Vir Singh's definition provides further insight about Sikhi itself and explains why Guru Granth Sahib is considered the living Guru. The word Sikh is derived from the Sanskrit term shishya[7] (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ) which means a disciple or a student. Thus, Sikhs have a student–teacher relationship with their Gurus since their teachings, written in Guru Granth Sahib, serve as a guide for the Sikhs.

According to Sikh beliefs, all the Gurus contained the same light or soul and their physical body was a vessel for containing the same essence. When one Guru passed, the successor inherited this light and that is why the Gurus are also referred to as mahalla (house).[8]

The gurus

No. Name Portrait Birth date Guruship Birthplace Clan Father Mother Date of death Reason Place of death
1 Guru Nanak File:Detail of Guru Nanak from the earliest known painting of all ten Sikh gurus together, with each being identified in golden Persian nasta'liq script, probably painted in Hyderabad, circa 1780.jpg 14 April 1469 [note 1] Since birth Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate Bedi Khatri Kalyan Das Bedi Mata Tripta Template:Death date and age Natural causes Kartarpur, Punjab, Mughal Empire
2 Guru Angad File:Painting of Guru Angad, possibly from an illustrated manuscript of the Gulgashat-i-Punjab.jpg 31 March 1504 7 September 1539 Muktsar, Punjab, Mughal Empire Trehan Khatri Baba Pheru Mal Mata Ramo Template:Death date and age Natural causes Khadur Sahib, Punjab, Mughal Empire
3 Guru Amar Das File:Painting of Guru Amar Das leaning against a bolster whilst seated on a raised platform on a terrace with a fly-whisk attendant.jpg 5 May 1479 26 April 1552 Amritsar, Punjab, Mughal Empire Bhalla Khatri Tej Bhan Bhalla Mata Lachmi Template:Death date and age Natural causes Goindval, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
4 Guru Ram Das File:Miniature painting of Guru Ram Das seated outdoors on carpet underneath a tree with a book before him.jpg 24 September 1534 1 September 1574 Lahore, Punjab, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Baba Har Das Mata Daya Template:Death date and age Natural causes Goindval, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
5 Guru Arjan File:Guru Arjan painting.jpg 15 April 1563 1 September 1581 Goindval, Punjab, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Ram Das Mata Bhani Template:Death date and age Execution by Mughal Emperor Jahangir Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
6 Guru Hargobind File:Contemporary painting of the sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind. Provincial Mughal school, Deccan, mid-17th century.jpg 19 June 1595 25 May 1606 Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Arjan Mata Ganga Template:Death date and age Natural causes Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
7 Guru Har Rai File:Painting of Guru Har Rai holding a flower, Pahari style, painted by a Muslim, artwork preserved by the family of Bidhi Chand Chhina.jpg 16 January 1630 3 March 1644 Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Baba Gurditta Mata Nihal Kaur Template:Death date and age Natural causes Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
8 Guru Har Krishan File:Guru Har Krishan painting.jpg 7 July 1656 7 October 1661 Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Har Rai Mata Krishan Kaur Template:Death date and age Smallpox Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
9 Guru Tegh Bahadur File:Guru teg bahadur.jpg 1 April 1621 20 March 1664 Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Hargobind Mata Nanaki Template:Death date and age Execution by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
10 Guru Gobind Singh File:Equestrian portrait of Guru Gobind Singh.png 14 February 1666 11 November 1675 Patna Sahib, Bihar Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Tegh Bahadur Mata Gujri Template:Death date and age Assassinated by Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg on order of Wazir Khan Hazur Sahib, Bidar Subah, Mughal Empire
11 Guru Panth[3][9][10][4] File:Painting of the establishment of the Khalsa order and Panj Piare institution by Guru Gobind Singh and Mata Jito at Anandpur in 1699, circa 19th century.jpg Vaisakhi, April 1699[11] Kesgarh Qila, Anandpur Sahib, Punjab[12] Casteless[13][14] Guru Gobind Singh (spirtually)[3] Mata Sahib Devan (spiritually)[15] Whilst prevalent in the 18th century, this manner of guruship went into decline following the rise of Ranjit Singh and is seldom evoked today, being overshadowed by the Guru Granth.[3]
12 Guru Granth Sahib File:Sri Guru Granth Sahib Nishan.jpg 29 August 1604
(date of completion of compilation of the first draft [Adi Granth])Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		20 October 1708 Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
(place of compilation)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		The central holy scripture of Sikhism, regarded as the final, sovereign and eternal Guru.

Timeline

<timeline> ImageSize = width:750 height:auto barincrement:50 PlotArea = left:250 bottom:20 top:0 right:0 Period = from:1469 till:2023 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Alignbars = late Colors = 

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ScaleMajor = increment:100 start:1469 BarData= 

 bar:Nanak text:"Guru Nanak Dev (1469–1539)"
 bar:Angad text:"Guru Angad Dev (1504–1552)"
 bar:Amar  text:"Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)"
 bar:Ram   text:"Guru Ram Das (1534 –1581)"
 bar:Arjan text:"Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1606)"
 bar:Hargobind text:"Guru Hargobind (1595–1644)"
 bar:Har text:"Guru Har Rai (1630–1661)"
 bar:HarK text:"Guru Har Krishan (1656–1664)"
 bar:Tegh text:"Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)"
 bar:Gobind text:"Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708)"
 bar:Granth text:"Guru Granth Sahib (1708–present)"

PlotData= 

 bar:Nanak from:1469 till:1539 color:1
 bar:Angad from:1504 till:1552 color:2
 bar:Amar from:1479 till:1574 color:3
 bar:Ram from:1534 till:1581 color:4
 bar:Arjan from:1563 till:1606 color:5
 bar:Hargobind from:1595 till:1644 color:6
 bar:Har from:1630 till:1661 color:7
 bar:HarK from:1656 till:1669 color:8
 bar:Tegh from:1621 till:1675 color:9
 bar:Gobind from:1666 till:1708 color:10
 bar:Granth from:1708 till:end color:11

</timeline>

Pedigrees

File:'Imaginary Meeting of Guru Nanak, Mardana Sahab, and Other Sikh Gurus', earliest known painting depicting all ten Sikh gurus together with golden nastaliq identifying inscriptions, probably from Hyderabad, ca.1780.jpg
Imaginary Meeting of Guru Nanak and the rest of the Sikh Gurus, Bhai Mardana, and others. 1780 painting

Bansawali Guru Sahiban Ki[note 2]

Base of operations

Guru Nanak founded Kartarpur (Narowal) in the 1520s and remained there until his death in 1539.[16] Nanak's successor, Guru Angad, made his native Khadur his headquarters and remained there throughout his guruship from 1539 to 1551.[16] Guru Amar Das founded Goindwal and resided there from 1551 to 1574.[16] Guru Ram Das established Ramdaspur (now called Amritsar) and remained there from 1574 to 1581.[16] Guru Arjan also resided at Amritsar but also founded the settlements of Kartarpur (Jalandhar), Hargobindpur, and Tarn Taran.[16] Guru Hargobind had Amritsar as his base from 1606–1628 but shifted to Kartarpur between 1628–1634.[16] Guru Hargobind founded Kiratpur in 1634, where he remained until his death in 1644.[16] Guru Har Rai resided at Kiratpur during his guruship, as did Guru Har Krishan.[16] The next Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, founded Anandpur in 1664 and remained there until 1675, yet also travelled to distant areas, such as Dhaka and Patna in eastern India.[16] The tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, remained at Anandpur from 1675–1704.[16] He founded the settlements of Paonta (1685) and Damdama (Bathinda) in 1705, where he remained for two years until he journeyed down south to Nanded, dying in 1708.[16]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Stefan Pertz (2013), The Guru in Me - Critical Perspectives on Management, GRIN Verlag, Template:ISBN, p. 2–3.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIII, a.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".


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