Tosk Albanian
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Tosk (Template:Lang-sq-definite) is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks. The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg (the northern variety) is the Shkumbin River. Tosk is the basis of the standard Albanian language.
Major Tosk-speaking groups include the Myzeqars of Myzeqe, Labs of Labëria, Chams of Çamëria, Arvanites of Greece and the Arbëreshë of Italy, as well as the original inhabitants of Mandritsa in Bulgaria. In North Macedonia, there were approximately 3000 speakers in the early 1980s.[1]
Tosk features
- Rhotacism: Proto-Albanian Script error: No such module "Lang". becomes Script error: No such module "Lang". (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". "sand")
- Tosk dialects preserve the consonant sequences Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". which are assimilated to Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Gheg.[2]
- Proto-Albanian Script error: No such module "Lang". becomes Script error: No such module "Lang"..
- Nasal vowels: There is a lack of nasal vowels in Tosk (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". "eye") and Late Proto-Albanian Script error: No such module "Lang". plus a nasal becomes Script error: No such module "Lang". (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". "nine").
- e-vowel: The Script error: No such module "Lang". becomes Script error: No such module "Lang". in some varieties of some words.
- ë-vowel: The Script error: No such module "Lang". may have several pronunciations depending on dialect: the ë is more backed in Labërisht dialects like that of Vuno, where Script error: No such module "Lang". "foal" is Script error: No such module "IPA".). Final Script error: No such module "Lang". drops in many Tosk dialects and lengthens the preceding vowel.
- y-vowel: The Script error: No such module "Lang". vowel often derounds to Script error: No such module "Lang". in Labërisht, Çam, Arvanitika, and Arbëresh (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". "two" becomes Script error: No such module "Lang".).
- dh and ll: These sounds may interchange in some words in some varieties.
- h: This may drop in any position in some dialects.
- gl/kl: Some varieties of Çam, Arberësh, and Arvanitika retain Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". in place of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". "tongue" is Script error: No such module "Lang". in Çam and Siculo-Arberësh, and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Arvanitika; Script error: No such module "Lang". for Script error: No such module "Lang". "milk" in Arbëresh).
- rr: Script error: No such module "Lang". becomes Script error: No such module "Lang". in some varieties.
Northern Tosk
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Close-mid | Template:IPA link | ||
| Open-mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link |
| IPA | Description | Written as |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Close front unrounded vowel | i |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Close front rounded vowel | y |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Close-mid front unrounded vowel | e |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Open central unrounded vowel | a |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Open-mid central unrounded vowel | ë |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Open-mid back rounded vowel | o |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Close back rounded vowel | u |
- Mid sounds e, o can also be heard as Script error: No such module "IPA"., in free variation.[3]