Samekh

Template:Short description Template:Phoenician glyph Samekh or samech is the fifteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician sāmek 𐤎, Hebrew sāmeḵ Template:Script, Aramaic samek 𐡎, and Syriac semkaṯ ܣ. Samekh is the only letter of the Semitic abjad that has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet; however, it was present in the Nabataean alphabet, the Arabic alphabet's immediate predecessor, as the letter simkath File:15 sin.svg, which was related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪏‎‎‎ and South Arabian . The numerical value of samekh is 60.

Samekh represents a voiceless alveolar fricative Template:IPAslink. In the Hebrew language, the samekh Template:Script has the same pronunciation as the left-dotted shin Template:Script.

In Arabic, samekh is replaced by the letter sīn (Template:Script, ) which is the 15th letter in the common Abjadi order, and the 12th letter in the Hija'i order, it has the same numerical (abjad) value of 60 in the common Abjadi order.

Origin

The Phoenician letter may continue a glyph from the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, possibly based on a hieroglyph for a tent peg or support, such as the djed "pillar" hieroglyph 𓊽 (cf. Hebrew root סמך s-m-kh 'support', סֶמֶךְ semekh 'support, rest', סוֹמֵךְ somekh 'support peg, post', סוֹמְכָה somkha 'armrest', סָמוֹכָה smokha 'stake, support', indirectly s'mikhah ; Aramaic סַמְכָא samkha 'socket, base', סְמַךְ smakh 'support, help'; Syriac ܣܡܟܐ semkha 'support', Arabic سَمَكَ 'to raise, to elevate').

The shape of samek undergoes complicated developments. In archaic scripts, the vertical stroke can be drawn either across or below the three horizontal strokes. The closed form of Hebrew samek is developed only in the Hasmonean period.

Phoenician/Paleo-Hebrew (c. 1000 BC)	Imperial Aramaic (c. 800 BC)	Greek Xi (letter)(750 BC)	Hebrew (from ca. 350 BC)
File:Phoenician samekh.svg File:Moabite samek.svg	File:Samekh.svg	File:Xi uc lc.svg	File:The Sefaria Project.svg

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek xi (Ξ), whereas its name may also be reflected in the name of the otherwise unrelated Greek letter sigma.

The archaic "grid" shape of Western Greek xi (File:Greek Xi archaic grid.svg) was adopted in the early Etruscan alphabet (𐌎 esh), but was never included in the Latin alphabet. The letter samekh is currently the only letter of the Semitic abjad that has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet, and the letter corresponds exclusively to rather than .

The history of the letters expressing sibilants in the various Semitic alphabets is somewhat complicated, due to different mergers between Proto-Semitic phonemes. As usually reconstructed, there are four plain Proto-Semitic coronal voiceless fricative phonemes (not counting emphatic ones) that evolved into the various voiceless sibilants of its daughter languages, as follows:

Voiceless consonants
Proto-Semitic		Old South Arabian	Old North Arabian	Modern South Arabian 1, 2	Standard Arabic		Aramaic		Modern Hebrew		Ge'ez		Phoenician		Akkadian
s₃ (s)		Template:Script	𐪏		Template:Script		Template:Script	s	Template:Script		Template:Script	s	Template:Script	s	s
s₁ (š)		Template:Script	𐪊	, sometimes			Template:Script	š	Template:Script				Template:Script	š	š
ṯ		Template:Script	𐪛		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ṯ, š, later t
s₂ (ś)		Template:Script	𐪆		Template:Script		Template:Script, later Template:Script	*ś, s	Template:Script		Template:Script	ś
s₁ (š) is , sometimes and (in Soqotri) - and (for some speakers of Jibbali) ṯ , ḏ and ṯ̣ merge with , , and in Soqotri

Note: Hebrew Template:Script represents both and , when distinguishing is required, they can be distinguished a dot above the left-hand side of the letter for Template:IPAslink Template:Script and above the right-hand side for Template:IPAslink Template:Script.

Hebrew samekh

Hebrew Samekh develops a closed cursive form in the middle Hasmonean period (1st century BC). This becomes the standard form in early Herodian hands.

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ס	ס	ס	File:Hebrew letter Samekh handwriting.svg	File:Samekh (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg

Talmudic legend

In Talmudic legend, samekh is said to have been a miracle of the Ten Commandments. records that the tablets "were written on both their sides." The Jerusalem Talmud interprets this as meaning that the inscription went through the full thickness of the tablets. The stone in the center parts of the letters ayin and teth should have fallen out, as these letters are closed in the ktav ivri script and would not be connected to the rest of the tablet, but miraculously remained in place. The Babylonian Talmud (tractate Shabbat 104a) also cites the opinion that these closed letters included samekh, attributed to Rav Chisda (d. ca. 320).

Syriac semkat

The Syriac letter semkaṯ develops from the Imperial Aramaic "hook" shape into a rounded form by the 1st century. The Old Syriac form further develops into a connected cursive both in the Eastern and Western script variants.

Aramaic	Old Syriac	Eastern	Western
File:Samekh.svg	File:Syriac Estrangela semkat.svg	File:Syriac Eastern semkat.svg	File:Syriac Serta semkat.svg

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic