Polygonatum
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Polygonatum Template:IPAc-en,[1] also known as King Solomon's-seal or Solomon's seal, is a genus of flowering plants. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae).[2] It has also been classified in the former family Convallariaceae and, like many lilioid monocots, was formerly classified in the lily family, Liliaceae. The genus is distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Most of the approximately 63 species occur in Asia, with 20 endemic to China.[3]
Etymology
Polygonatum comes from the ancient Greek for "many knees", referring to the multiple jointed rhizome.[4] One explanation for the derivation of the common name "Solomon's seal" is that the roots bear depressions which resemble royal seals. Another is that the cut roots resemble Hebrew characters.[5]
Description
The fruits are red or black berries. The berries are poisonous to humans.
Taxonomy
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Polygonatum:[6] Template:Div col
- Polygonatum acuminatifolium Kom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum adnatum S.Yun LiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum amabile YatabeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum angelicum FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum annamense FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum arisanense HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum autumnale FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum × azegamii (Ohwi) M.N.TamuraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) ElliottScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (including Polygonatum commutatum) – Solomon's seal, smooth or great Solomon's seal – Eastern and central North America
- Polygonatum binatifolium S.R.Yi & H.X.ZhuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum brevistylum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum × buschianum TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum campanulatum G.W.HuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum cathcartii BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) RoyleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – tendril-leaf Solomon's seal – Southern China
- Polygonatum costatum FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum cryptanthum H.Lév. & VaniotScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum curvistylum HuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum cyrtonema HuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Solomon's seal – Eastern Asia
- Polygonatum daminense H.J.Yang & D.F.CuiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum × desoulavyi Kom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum × domonense SatakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum falcatum A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Eastern Asia
- Polygonatum filipes Merr. ex C.Jeffrey & McEwanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum franchetii HuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum glaberrimum K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum gongshanense L.H.Zhao & X.J.HeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum govanianum RoyleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum graminifolium Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum grandicaule Y.S.Kim, B.U.Oh & C.G.JangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum griffithii BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum hirtellum Hand.-Mazz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum hookeri BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum humile Fisch. ex Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – dwarf Solomon's seal – Eastern Asia
- Polygonatum × hybridum BrüggerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – garden Solomon's seal – Europe
- Polygonatum inflatum Kom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Eastern Asia
- Polygonatum infundiflorum Y.S.Kim, B.U.Oh & C.G.JangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum involucratum (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Asia
- Polygonatum jinzhaiense D.C.Zhang & J.Z.ShaoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Solomon's seal – Asia
- Polygonatum × krylovii (Ameljcz. & Malachova) A.L.EbelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum lasianthum Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Korean Solomon's seal[7] – Eastern Asia
- Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum leiboense S.C.Chen & D.Q.LiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum longistylum Y.Wan ex C.Z.GaoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum luteoverrucosum FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum macranthum (Maxim.) Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum macropodum Turcz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – big footed Solomon's seal – Asia
- Polygonatum megaphyllum P.Y.LiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum mengtzense F.T.Wang & TangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (common) Solomon's seal – Europe
- Polygonatum nervulosum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum nodosum HuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) DruceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – scented (or angular) Solomon's seal – Europe
- Polygonatum omeiense Z.Y.ZhuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum oppositifolium (Wall.) RoyleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum orientale Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – oriental Solomon's seal – Western Asia, Eastern Europe
- Polygonatum prattii BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum × pseudopolyanthemum Miscz. ex Grossh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) PurshScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – downy/hairy Solomon's seal – Eastern North America
- Polygonatum punctatum Royle ex KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum qinghaiense Z.L.Wu & Y.C.YangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum robustum (Korsh.) NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum roseum (Ledeb.) KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum sewerzowii RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum sibiricum RedoutéScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Huang Jing, Siberian Solomon's seal – Eastern Asia
- Polygonatum singalilense H.HaraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum sparsifolium F.T.Wang & TangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum stewartianum DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum × tamaense H.HaraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum tessellatum F.T.Wang & TangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum tsinlingense TsuiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum undulatifolium FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum urceolatum (J.M.H.Shaw) FlodenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – whorled Solomon's seal – Europe
- Polygonatum wardii F.T.Wang & TangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum yunnanense H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polygonatum zhejiangensis X.J.Xue & H.YaoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Uses
Gardening
Several species are valued as ornamental plants, including:[8] Template:Div col
- Polygonatum biflorum
- Polygonatum hirtum
- Polygonatum hookeri
- Polygonatum humile
- Polygonatum × hybridum
- Polygonatum multiflorum
- Polygonatum odoratum
- Polygonatum stewartianum
- Polygonatum verticillatum
Food
The berries are poisonous to humans.
Many species have long been used as food in China, such as Polygonatum sibiricum. Leaves, stems, and rhizomes are used raw or cooked and served as a side dish with meat and rice. The rhizomes of two local species are eaten with chicken's or pig's feet during festivals. The rhizomes are used to make tea or soaked in wine or liquor to flavor the beverages. They are also fried with sugar and honey to make sweet snacks. The starchy rhizomes can be dried, ground, and added to flour to supplement food staples. The rhizome of P. sibiricum is pulped, boiled, strained, and thickened with barley flour to make a sweet liquid seasoning agent called tangxi. At times, people in China have relied on P. megaphyllum as a famine food.[3]
The shoots of some Polygonatum can be boiled and used like asparagus. P. cirrifolium and P. verticillatum are used as leafy vegetables in India. The American species P. biflorum has a starchy root that was eaten like the potato and used as flour for bread.[3]
P. sibiricum is used for a tea called dungulle in Korea.[3]
Traditional medicine
The berries may be poisonous to humans.
Template:Medical citations needed The traditional use of Polygonatum in the treatment of diabetes was first observed in 1930 by Hedwig Langecker. After experiments, she concluded that it was effective in fighting nutritional hyperglycemia, though not that caused by adrenaline release, probably due to its glucokinin content.[9]Template:Full citation needed
P. verticillatum is used in Ayurveda as an aphrodisiac.[10] It is also used to treat pain, fever, inflammation, allergy, and weakness.[11]
An herbal remedy called rhizoma polygonati is a mix of Polygonatum species used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is supposed to strengthen various organs and enhance the qi.[3] Polygonatum is believed to be restorative to mental vitality, especially when the mind has been overworked, overstressed, or is in a state of exhaustion.[12]
P. cyrtonema is a compound that is often used in Traditional Chinese Theory as a treatment for depression, which is thought to originate from problems in the liver and the kidney. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is considered by TCT to be a form of depression is also sometimes treated with P. cyrtonema. There is some evidence that P. cyrtonema can inhibit Post Traumatic Stress by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation associated with the NLRP3 gene.[13]
Toxicity
P. odoratum and P. prattii, among others, have been demonstrated to contain raphides, at least in their rhizomes. P. odoratum rhizomes only have scattered raphides in their cortex, whereas in P. prattii they are present more densely and throughout the rhizome. The rhizomes are housed in mucilage cells.Template:Sfn
See also
References
Bibliography
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- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. 606–607.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e Wujisguleng, W., et al. (2012). Ethnobotanical review of food uses of Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) in China. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81(4) 239-44.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Solomon's Seal. Botanical.com
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Source:Quer, Pío Font "Plantas Medicinales - El Dioscórides renovado". 1961/2005 Barcelona: Ediciones Península, Template:ISBN
- ↑ Kasmi, I., et al. (2012). Aphrodisiac properties of Polygonatum verticillatum leaf extract. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease S841-45.
- ↑ Khan, H., et al. (2011). Antinociceptive activity of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum: Attenuation of both peripheral and central pain mediators. Phytotherapy Research 25(7) 1024-30.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".