Protectorate

A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.Template:Sfnp It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the suzerainty of a more powerful sovereign state without being a possession. In exchange, the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations depending on the terms of their arrangement. Usually protectorates are established de jure by a treaty. Under certain conditions—as with Egypt under British rule (1882–1914)—a state can also be labelled as a de facto protectorate or a veiled protectorate.

A protectorate is different from a colony as it has local rulers, is not directly possessed, and rarely experiences colonization by the suzerain state. A state that is under the protection of another state while retaining its "international personality" is called a "protected state", not a protectorate.Template:SfnpTemplate:Efn

History

Protectorates are one of the oldest features of international relations, dating back to the Roman Empire. Civitates foederatae were cities that were subordinate to Rome for their foreign relations. In the Middle Ages, Andorra was a protectorate of France and Spain. Modern protectorate concepts were devised in the nineteenth century.Template:Sfnp

Typology

Foreign relations

In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protector state, and transfers the management of all its more important international affairs to the latter. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.

Protectorates differ from League of Nations mandates and their successors, United Nations trust territories, whose administration is supervised, in varying degrees, by the international community. A protectorate formally enters into the protection through a bilateral agreement with the protector, while international mandates are stewarded by the world community-representing body, with or without a administering power.

Protected state

A protected state has a form of protection where it continues to retain an "international personality" and enjoys an agreed amount of independence in conducting its foreign policy.Template:Sfnp

For political and pragmatic reasons, the protection relationship is not usually advertised, but described with euphemisms such as "an independent state with special treaty relations" with the protecting state.Template:Sfnp A protected state appears on world maps just as any other independent state.Template:Efn

International administration of a state can also be regarded as an internationalized form of protection, where the protector is an international organisation rather than a state.Template:Sfnp

Colonial protection

Multiple regions—such as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, the Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, and similar—were subjects of colonial protection. Conditions of protection are generally much less generous for areas of colonial protection. The protectorate was often reduced to a condition similar to a colony, but with the pre-existing native state continuing as the agent of indirect rule. Occasionally, a protectorate was established by another form of indirect rule: a chartered company, which becomes a state in its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to be an independent country with its own foreign policy and generally its own armed forces.

In fact, protectorates were often declared despite no agreement being duly entered into by the state supposedly being protected, or only agreed to by a party of dubious authority in those states. Colonial protectors frequently decided to reshuffle several protectorates into a new, artificial unit without consulting the protectorates, without being mindful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain a protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreement of February 26, 1885, allowed European colonial powers to establish protectorates in Black Africa (the last region to be divided among them) by diplomatic notification, even without actual possession on the ground. This aspect of history is referred to as the Scramble for Africa. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as colony and protectorate for an amalgamation—convenient only for the colonizer or protector—of adjacent territories, over which it held () sway by protective or "raw" colonial power.

Amical protection

In amical protection—as of United States of the Ionian Islands by Britain—the terms are often very favourable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is frequently moral (a matter of accepted moral obligation, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, or dynastic, historical, or ethnocultural ties). Also, the protector's interest is in countering a rival or enemy power—such as preventing the rival from obtaining or maintaining control of areas of strategic importance. This may involve a very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations but may not constitute any real sacrifice, as the protectorate may not have been able to have a similar use of them without the protector's strength.

Amical protection was frequently extended by the great powers to other Christian (generally European) states, and to states of no significant importance. After 1815, non-Christian states (such as the Chinese Qing dynasty) also provided amical protection of other, much weaker states.

In modern times, a form of amical protection can be seen as an important or defining feature of microstates. According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints".

Argentina's protectorates

• Template:Flagicon image Liga Federal (1815–1820)
• Template:Flagicon image Chile (1817–1818)
• Template:Flagicon image Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
• Template:Flagicon image Peru (1820–1822)
• Template:Flagicon image Gobierno del Cerrito (1843–1851)
• Template:Flagicon Paraguay (1876)

Brazil's protectorates

• Template:Flagicon Republic of Acre (1899–1903)
• Paraguay (1869–1876)
• Uruguay (1828–1835)

British Empire's protectorates and protected states

Americas

• Template:Country data Mosquito CoastTemplate:Namespace detect showall Mosquitia (1638–1860; over Central America's Miskito Indian nation)

Europe

• Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Malta Protectorate (1800–1813); Template:Flagicon Crown Colony of Malta proclaimed in 1813 (de jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily but under British protection)
• File:Flag of the United States of the Ionian Islands.svg Ionian islands (1815–1864; a Greek state and amical protectorate of Great Britain between 1815 and 1864)
• File:Flag of Cyprus (1881-1922).svg British Cyprus (1878–1914; put under British military administration (1914–22) then proclaimed a Crown Colony (1922–60))

South Asia

• Template:Flagicon image Cis-Sutlej states (1809–1862)
• Template:Country data Kingdom of Nepal (1816–1923; protected state)Template:Sfnp
• Template:Country data Kingdom of Sikkim (1861–1947), (1947–1972)
• File:Flag of the Maldives 1953.svg Maldives (1776–1965, 1965–1968, 1968–1990)
• Various British Raj princely states (1845–1947)
• Template:Country data Bhutan (1906–1947 and 1948; protected state)Template:Sfnp

West and Central Asia

• Template:Flagicon image British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822–1971; headquarters based in Bushire, Persia)
  • Template:Country data Bahrain (1880–1971; protected state)Template:Sfnp
  • Template:Flagicon image Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1899–1961; protected state)Template:Sfnp
  • Template:Flagicon image Qatar, protected state (1916–1971)
  • Template:Country data Trucial States (1892–1971; precursor state of the modern UAE, protected states)Template:Sfnp
    • Template:Flagicon image Abu Dhabi (1820–1971)
    • Template:Flagicon image Ajman (1820–1971)
    • Template:Flagicon image Dubai (1835–1971)
    • Template:Flagicon image Fujairah (1952–1971)
    • Template:Flagicon image Ras Al Khaimah (1820–1971)
    • Template:Flagicon image Sharjah (1820–1971)
      • Template:Flagicon image Kalba (1936–1951)
    • Template:Flagicon image Umm al-Qaiwain (1820–1971)
  • Template:Country data Muscat and Oman (1892–1971; informal, protected state)Template:Sfnp
• Template:Flagicon image Aden Protectorate (1872–1963; precursor state of South Yemen)Template:Sfnp
  • Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Hadhramaut) (1963–1967; later the Protectorate of South Arabia)
    • Template:Flagicon image Kathiri
    • Template:Flagicon image Mahra
    • Template:Flagicon image Qu'aiti
    • Template:Flagicon image Upper Yafa (consisted of five Sheikhdoms: Al-Busi, Al-Dhubi, Hadrami, Maflahi, and Mawsata)
    • Template:Flagicon image Hawra
    • Template:Flagicon image Irqa
  • Western Protectorate States (1959 and 1962–1967; later the Federation of South Arabia, including Aden Colony)
    • Template:Flagicon image Wahidi Sultanates (these included: Balhaf, Azzan, Bir Ali, and Habban)
    • Template:Flagicon image Beihan
    • Template:Flagicon image Dhala and Qutaibi
    • Template:Flagicon image Fadhli
    • Template:Flagicon image Lahej
    • Template:Flagicon image Lower Yafa
    • Template:Flagicon image Audhali
    • Template:Flagicon image Haushabi
    • Template:Flagicon image Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
    • Template:Flagicon image Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
    • Template:Flagicon image Lower Aulaqi
    • Template:Flagicon image Alawi
    • Template:Flagicon image Aqrabi
    • Template:Flagicon image Dathina
    • Template:Flagicon image Shaib
• Template:Country data Emirate of Afghanistan (1879–1919; protected state)Template:Sfnp
• Template:Country data Afghanistan (1919–1947, 1948, 1950, 1956)

Africa

File:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg

1960 stamp of Bechuanaland Protectorate with the portraits of Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II

• Template:Country data British Somaliland (1884–1990)Template:Sfnp
• Template:Flagicon Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)
• Template:Country data Barotseland Protectorate (1889–1980)
• Template:Flagicon Nyasaland Protectorate (1893–1964)
  • File:Flag of British Central Africa Protectorate.svg British Central Africa Protectorate (1889–1907)
• Template:Country data Sultanate of Zanzibar (1890–1964)
• Sultanate of Wituland (1890–1964)
• File:Flag of The Gambia (1889–1965).svg Gambia Colony and Protectorate* (1894–1971)
• File:Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg Uganda Protectorate (1894–1963)
• File:Flag of Kenya (1895–1921).svg East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920)
• File:Flag of Sierra Leone 1916-1961.gif Sierra Leone Protectorate* (1896–1961)
• Template:Flagicon Nigeria* (1914–1964)
• File:Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914).svg Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
• Template:Flagicon image Swaziland (1903–1968)
• File:Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914).svg Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
• Template:Flagicon Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate) (1901–1957)/(1957–1960)
• Template:Flagicon Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)
• File:Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg Kenya Protectorate* (1920–1963'1964)
• Template:Country data Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1936)
• Template:Country data Northern Rhodesia (1924–1964'1965'1980)

*protectorates which existed alongside a colony of the same name

De facto

• Template:Flagicon Khediviate of Egypt (1882–1913)

Oceania

• Template:Country data Territory of Papua (1884–1888)
• Template:Flagicon image Tokelau (1877–1916)
• File:Flag of Rarotonga 1888-1893.svg Cook Islands (1888–1893)
• Template:Country data Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1892–1916)
• File:Flag of the Solomon Islands (1906–1947).svg British Solomon Islands (1893–1978)
• Template:Flagicon image Niue (1900–1901)
• Template:Country data Tonga (1900–1970)

Southeast Asia

• Template:Flagicon British North Borneo (1888–1946)
• Template:Country data Brunei (1888–1984)
• Template:Country data Raj of Sarawak (1888–1946)
• Template:Flagicon Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
  • Template:Country data Federated Malay States (1895–1963)
    • Template:Country data Negeri Sembilan (1888–1895)
      • File:Flag of Sungei Ujong.svg Sungai Ujong (1874–1888)
      • Template:Flagicon image Jelebu (1886–1895)
    • Template:Country data Pahang (1888–1895)
    • Template:Country data Perak (1874–1895)
    • Template:Country data Selangor (1874–1895)
  • Template:Flagicon image Unfederated Malay States (1904/09–1946)
    • Template:Country data Johor (1914–1946)
      • Template:Country data Johor Muar (1897–1909)
    • Template:Country data Kedah (1909–1946)
      • Template:Country data Kedah Kulim (1894–1909)
    • Template:Country data Kelantan (1909–1946)
    • Template:Country data Perlis (1909–1946)
    • Template:Country data Terengganu (1909–1946)

China's protectorates

• Han dynasty:
  • Protectorate of the Western Regions
• Tang dynasty:
  • Protectorate General to Pacify the West
  • Protectorate General to Pacify the North
  • Protectorate General to Pacify the East
• Template:Flagicon image Yuan dynasty:
  • Template:Flagicon image Goryeo (1270–1356)
• Template:Flagicon image Qing dynasty:
  • Template:Flagicon image TibetTemplate:Efn

Dutch Empire's protectorates

Various sultanates in the Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia):

Sumatra

• Tarumon Kingdom (1830–1946)
• Template:Flagicon image Langkat Sultanate (26 October 1869 – December 1945)
• Template:Flagicon image Deli Sultanate (22 August 1862 – December 1945)
• Template:Flagicon image Asahan Sultanate (27 September 1865 – December 1945)
• Bila (1864–1946)
• Template:Flagicon image Tasik (Kota Pinang) (1865 – December 1945)
• Template:Flagicon image Siak Sultanate (1 February 1858 – 1946)
• Sungai Taras (Kampong Raja) (1864–1916)
• Panei (1864–1946)
• Template:Flagicon image Sultanate of Serdang (1865 – December 1945)
• Indragiri Sultanate (1838 – September 1945)
• Template:Flagicon image Jambi Sultanate (1833–1899)
• Kuala (1886–1946)
• Template:Flagicon image Pelalawan (1859 – November 1945)
• Siantar (1904–1946)
• Tanah Jawa (1904–1946)

Riau Archipelago

• Template:Flagicon image Lingga-Riau (1819–1911)

Java

• Template:Flagicon image Banten (1682–1811)
• Template:Flagicon image Cirebon (1684–1819)
• Template:Flagicon image Yogjakarta Sultanate (13 February 1755 – 1942)
• Template:Flagicon image Mataram Sultanate (later Surakarta Sunanate) (26 February 1677 – 19 August 1945)
• Template:Flagicon image Principality of Mangkunegara (24 February 1757 – 1946)
• Template:Flagicon image Duchy of Pakualaman (22 June 1812 – 1942)
• Semarang (1682–1809)

Bali

• Template:Flagicon image Klungkung (1843–1908)
• Template:Flagicon image Badung (1843–1906)
• Bangli (1843–1908)
• Buleleng (1841–1872 and 1890–1893)
• Gianyar (1843–1908)
• Jembrana (1849–1882)
• Template:Flagicon image Karang Asem (1843–1908)
• Tabanan (1843–1906)

Lombok

• Template:Flagicon image Lombok (1843–1894)
• Template:Flagicon image Sumbawa (1908–c. 1948)
• Template:Flagicon image Bima (8 December 1669 – 1949)
• Dompu (1905–1942)

Flores and Solor

• Larantuka (1860–1904)
• Tanah Kuna Lima (1917–1924)
• Ndona (1917–1924)
• Sikka (1879–c. 1947)

Borneo

• Template:Flagicon image Sultanate of Banjar (1826–1860)
• Template:Flagicon image Pontianak Sultanate (16 August 1819 – 1942)
• Template:Flagicon image Sambas Sultanate (1819–1949)
• Kubu (4 June 1823 – 1949)
• Landak (1819–c. 1949)
• Template:Flagicon image Mempawah Kingdom (1819–1942)
• Sanggau Kingdom (182?–1949)
• Sekadau (182?–c. 1949)
• Simpang (1822–c. 1949)
• Sintang (1822–1949)
• Sukadana (1828–c.1949)
• Kota Waringin Sultanate (1824–1949)
• Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate (8 August 1825 – 1949)
• Gunung Tabur (1844–c.1945)
• Template:Flagicon image Bulungan Sultanate (1844–c.1949)
• Simbaliung (1844–c. 1949)
• Kubu (1823–1949)
• Tayan (1823–c. 1949)

Celebes

• Template:Flagicon image Gowa Sultanate (1669–1906; 1936–1949)
• Template:Flagicon image Bone Sultanate (1669–1905)
• Bolaang Mongonduw (1825–c. 1949)
• Laiwui (1858–c. 1949)
• Template:Flagicon image Luwu (1861–c. 1949)
• Soppeng (1860–c. 1949)
• Butung (1824–c. 1949)
• Siau (1680–c. 1949)
• Banggai (1907–c. 1949)
• Tallo (1668–1780)
• Wajo (1860–c. 1949)
• Tabukan (1677–c. 1949)

Ajattappareng Confederacy (1905–c. 1949)

• Malusetasi
• Rapang
• Swaito (union of Sawito and Alita, 1908)
• Sidenreng
• Supa

Mabbatupappeng Confederacy (1906–c. 1949)

• Barru
• Soppengriaja (union of Balusu, Kiru, Kamiri, 1906)
• Tanette

Mandar Confederacy (1906–c. 1949)

• Balangnipa
• Binuang
• Cenrana
• Majene
• Mamuju
• Pambauang
• Tapalang

Massenrempulu Confederacy (1905–c. 1949)

• Allah
• Batulapa
• Bontobatu
• Enrekang
• Kasa
• Maiwa
• Malua

Moluccas

• Template:Flagicon image Ternate Sultanate (12 October 1676 – 1949)
• Template:Flagicon image Bacan Sultanate (1667–1949)
• Template:Flagicon imageTidore (1657–c.1949)

West Timor and Alor

• Amanatun (1749–c. 1949)
• Amanuban (1749–c. 1949)
• Amarasi (1749–c. 1949)
• Amfoan (1683–c. 1949)
• Beboki (1756–c. 1949)
• Belu (1756–c.1949)
• Insana (1756–c.1949)
• Sonbai Besar (1756–1906)
• Sonbai Kecil (1659–1917)
• Roti (Korbafo before 1928) (c. 1750–c.1949)
• TaEbenu (1688–1917)

New Guinea

• Template:Flagicon image Dutch New Guinea:
  • Template:Flagicon image Kaimana Sultanate (1828-1949)

France's protectorates and protected states

Africa

"Protection" was the formal legal structure under which French colonial forces expanded in Africa between the 1830s and 1900. Almost every pre-existing state that was later part of French West Africa was placed under protectorate status at some point, although direct rule gradually replaced protectorate agreements. Formal ruling structures, or fictive recreations of them, were largely retained—as with the low-level authority figures in the French Cercles—with leaders appointed and removed by French officials.

• Benin traditional states
  • Independent of Template:Flagicon image Danhome, under French protectorate, from 1889
  • Porto-Novo a French protectorate, 23 February 1863 – 2 January 1865. Cotonou a French Protectorate, 19 May 1868. Porto-Novo French protectorate, 14 April 1882.
• Central African Republic traditional states:
  • French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French), 12 December 1897
  • French protectorate over the Sultanate of Bangassou, 1894
• Burkina Faso was from 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named Upper Volta (Haute-Volta)
• Chad: Baghirmi state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate
• Côte d'Ivoire: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast
• Guinea: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).
• Niger, Sultanate of Damagaram (Zinder), 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled Sarkin Damagaram or Sultan
• Senegal: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers
• Comoros: 21 April 1886 French protectorate (Anjouan) until 25 July 1912 when annexed.
• Present Djibouti was originally, from 24 June 1884, the Territory of Obock and Protectorate of Tadjoura (Territoires Français d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as French Somaliland (Côte Française des Somalis).
• Mauritania: 12 May 1903 French protectorate; within Mauritania several traditional states:
  • Adrar emirate from 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)
  • The Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), from 1905 under French protectorate.
  • Brakna confederation's emirate
  • Emirate of Trarza: 15 December 1902 placed under French protectorate status.
• Template:Flagicon image Morocco – most of the sultanate was under French protectorate (30 March 1912 – 7 April 1956) although, in theory, it remained a sovereign state under the Treaty of Fez; thisTemplate:Which fact was confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 1952.
  • The northern part of Morocco was under Spanish protectorate in the same period.
• Traditional Madagascar States
  • Template:Flagicon image Kingdom of Imerina under French protectorate, 6 August 1896. French Madagascar colony, 28 February 1897.
• Template:Flagicon Tunisia (12 May 1881 – 20 March 1956): became a French protectorate by treaty

Americas

• Template:Flagicon Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867), established by Emperor Napoleon III during the Second French intervention in Mexico and ruled by the Austrian-born, French puppet monarch Maximilian I

Asia

File:1 Sapèque - Protectorate of Tonkin (1905) 02.jpg

1 Sapèque – Protectorate of Tonkin (1905)

• French Indochina until 1953/54:
  • Template:Flagicon image Annam and Tonkin 6 June 1884
  • Template:Flagicon image Cambodia 11 August 1863
  • Template:Flagicon image Laos 3 October 1893
  • Template:Flagicon image Vietnam 6 June 1884

Europe

• Template:Flagicon Rhenish Republic (1923–1924)
• Template:Flagicon Saar Protectorate (1946–1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former League of Nations mandate. Most French protectorates were colonial.

Oceania

• Template:Flagicon French Polynesia, mainly the Society Islands (several others were immediately annexed). All eventually were annexed by 1889.
  • Template:Flagicon image Otaheiti (native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti, 1842–1880
  • Template:Flagicon image Raiatea and Tahaa (after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate, 1880)
  • Template:Flagicon image Mangareva (one of the Gambier Islands; ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate, 16 February 1844 (unratified) and 30 November 1871
• Template:Flagicon image Wallis and Futuna:
  • Template:Flagicon image Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King of Uvea and Captain Mallet, 4 November 1842. Officially in a treaty becomes a French protectorate, 5 April 1887.
  • Template:Flagicon image Sigave and Template:Flagicon image Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on 16 February 1888.

Germany's protectorates and protected states

File:5000 Kronen BM1944.jpg

5000 – Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945)

The German Empire used the word , literally protectorate, for all of its colonial possessions until they were lost during World War I, regardless of the actual level of government control. Cases involving indirect rule included:

• Template:Flagicon German New Guinea (1884–1920), now part of Papua New Guinea
• Template:Flagicon image German South West Africa (1884–1920), present-day Namibia
• Template:Flagicon image Togoland (1884–1914), now part of Ghana and Togo
• Template:Flagicon image North Solomon Islands (1885–1920), now part of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
• Template:Flagicon image Wituland (1885–1890), now part of Kenya
• Template:Flagicon image Ruanda-Urundi (1894–1920)
• Template:Flagicon image German Samoa (1900–1920), present-day Samoa
• Template:Flagicon image Marshall Islands
• Template:Flagicon Nauru, various officials posted with the Head Chiefs
• Template:Flagicon image Gando Emirate (1895–1897)
• Template:Flagicon image Gulmu (1895–1897)

Before and during World War II, Nazi Germany designated the rump of occupied Czechoslovakia and Denmark as protectorates:

• Template:Flagicon Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945), however it was also considered a partially annexed territory of Germany
• Template:Flagicon Denmark (1940–1943)

India's protectorates

• Template:Flagicon image Bhutan (1947–1971).
• Template:Flagicon image Kingdom of Sikkim (1950–1975), later acceded to India as State of Sikkim.Template:Sfnp

Italy's protectorates and protected states

• Template:Flagicon image The Albanian Republic (1917–1920) and the Template:Flagicon image Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
• Template:Flagicon Monaco under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia 20 November 1815 to 1860.
• Template:Flagicon image Ethiopia : 2 May 1889 Treaty of Wuchale, in the Italian language version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, Emperor Menelik II abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896.
• Template:Flagicon image Libya: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over Cirenaica (Cyrenaica) until 17 May 1919.
• Template:Flagicon image Benadir Coast in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Italian protectorate (in the northeast; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to Template:Flagicon image Italian Somaliland.
  • Template:Flagicon image Majeerteen Sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 April 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony.
  • Template:Flagicon image Sultanate of Hobyo since December 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 April 1895), then in October 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as Obbia).

Japan's protectorates

• Template:Flagicon Korean Empire (1905–1910)
• Template:Flagicon Manchukuo (1932–1945)
• Template:Flagicon Mengjiang (1939–1945)

Poland's protectorates

• Template:Flagicon image Kaffa (1462–1475)

Portugal's protectorates

• Cabinda (Portuguese Congo) (1885–1974), Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco, which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the Portuguese Crown under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda".
• Kingdom of Kongo (1857–1914)
• Gaza Empire (1824–1895), now part of Mozambique
• Angoche Sultanate (1903–1910)
• Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1859)

Russia's and the Soviet Union's protectorates and protected states

• Template:Flagicon image Cossack Hetmanate (1654–1764)
• File:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1783–1801)
• Template:Flagicon image Kingdom of Imereti (1804–1810)
• Template:Flagicon image Revolutionary Serbia (1807–1812)
• Template:Flagicon Principality of Serbia (1826–1856), now part of Serbia
• Template:Flagicon image Principality of Moldova (1829–1856), now part of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine
• Template:Flagicon image Principality of Wallachia (1829–1856)
• Template:Flagicon image Emirate of Bukhara (1873–1920)
• Template:Flagicon image Khanate of Khiva (1873–1920)
• Template:Flagicon image Uryankhay Krai (1914)
• Template:Flagicon image Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949), now part of Xinjiang, China

De facto

Some sources mention the following territories as de facto Russian protectorates:

• Template:Flagicon image South Ossetia (2008–present)
• Template:Flagicon image Transnistria (1992–present)
• Template:Flagicon image Abkhazia (1994–present)
• Template:Flagicon image Donetsk People's Republic (2015–2022)
• Template:Flagicon image Luhansk People's Republic (2015–2022)
• Template:Flagicon image Republic of Artsakh (2020–2023)

Spain's protectorates

• Template:Flagicon image Spanish Morocco protectorate from 27 November 1912 until 2 April 1958 (Northern zone until 7 April 1956, Southern zone (Cape Juby) until 2 April 1958).
• Template:Flagicon image Sultanate of Sulu (1851–1899)

Turkey's and the Ottoman Empire's protectorates and protected states

• Template:Flagicon Aceh Sultanate (1569–1903)
• Template:Flagicon Maldives (1560–1590)
• Template:Flagicon image Cossack Hetmanate (1669–1685)

De facto

• Template:Flagicon Northern Cyprus (1983–present)

United States' protectorates and protected states

After becoming independent nations in 1902 and 1903 respectively, Cuba and Panama became protectorates of the United States. In 1903, Cuba and the U.S. signed the Cuban–American Treaty of Relations, which affirmed the provisions of the Platt Amendment, including that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve its independence, among other reasons (the Platt Amendment had also been integrated into the 1901 constitution of Cuba). Later that year, Panama and the U.S. signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which established the Panama Canal Zone and gave the U.S. the right to intervene in the cities of Panama and Colón (and the adjacent territories and harbors) for the maintenance of public order. The 1904 constitution of Panama, in Article 136, also gave the U.S. the right to intervene in any part of Panama "to reestablish public peace and constitutional order." Haiti later also became a protectorate after the ratification of the Haitian–American Convention (which gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Haiti for a period of ten years, which was later expanded to twenty years through an additional agreement in 1917) on September 16, 1915.

The U.S. also attempted to establish protectorates over the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua through the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty.

• Template:Flagicon Cuba (1902–1934)
• Template:Flagicon image Panama (1903–1941)
• Template:Flagicon image Haiti (1915–1936)

De facto

• Template:Flagicon image Republic of Negros (1899–1901)
• Republic of Zamboanga (1899–1903)
• Template:Flagicon image Sultanate of Sulu (1899–1915)

Contemporary usage by the United States

Some agencies of the United States government, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, refer to the District of Columbia and insular areas of the United States—such as American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands—as protectorates. However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs within the United States Department of the Interior, uses only the term "insular area" rather than protectorate.

• Template:Flagicon District of Columbia
• Template:Flagicon American Samoa
• Template:Flagicon Guam
• Template:Flagicon Northern Mariana Islands
• Template:Flagicon Puerto Rico
• Template:Flagicon U.S. Virgin Islands

Joint protectorates

• Template:Flagicon Republic of Ragusa (1684–1798), a joint Habsburg Austrian–Ottoman Turkish protectorate
• The Template:Flagicon image United States of the Ionian Islands and the Template:Flagicon image Septinsular Republic were federal republics of seven formerly Venetian (see Provveditore) Ionian Islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxos), officially under joint protectorate of the allied Christian powers, a British amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864.
• Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
• Template:Flagicon Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943)
• Template:Flagicon image Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
• Template:Flagicon Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955)

See also

• British Protected Person
• Client state
• European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
• EUFOR Althea
• High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
• League of Nations mandate
• Peace Implementation Council
• Protector (titles for Heads of State and other individual persons)
• Protectorate (imperial China)
• Timeline of national independence
• Tribute

Bibliography

• Template:Cite EB1911