Paeonian language
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Paeonian,[1] sometimes spelled Paionian, is a poorly attested, extinct language spoken by the ancient Paeonians until late antiquity.
Paeonia was located to the north of Macedon, south of Dardania, west of Thrace, and east of the southernmost Illyrians.
Classification
Classical sources usually considered the Paeonians distinct from the rest of the Paleo-Balkan people, comprising their own ethnicity and language. It is considered a Paleo-Balkan language but this is only a geographical grouping, not a genealogical one. Modern linguists are uncertain as to the classification of Paeonian, due to the extreme scarcity of surviving materials in the language, with numerous hypotheses having been published:
- Wilhelm Tomaschek and Paul Kretschmer have put forward an “Illyrian” hypothesis (i.e a part of the linguistic complex of the ancient north-western Balkans) which, according to Radoslav Katičić, seems to be the prevailing opinion.[2]
- Dimitar Dečev and Susan Wise Bauer proposed a Thracian hypothesis.[3]
- Francesco Villari proposed a Thraco-Illyrian hypothesis.[4]
- Karl Beloch, Ioannis Svoronos and Irwin L. Merker consider Paeonian an ancient Greek dialect (or a lost Indo-European language very closely related to Greek, i.e Hellenic) with a great deal of Thracian and Illyrian influence.[5][2]
- Vladimir I. Georgiev suggested a Phrygian affiliation.[2]
- Athenaeus seems to have connected the Paeonian language to the Mysian language, which was possibly a member of the Anatolian languages, or of the Armeno-Phrygian languages.[6][7][8]
- Radoslav Katičić has said that “we know so little about their language that any linguistic affiliation seems meaningless”.[2]
Paeonian vocabulary
Several Paeonian words are known from classical sources:
- monapos, Script error: No such module "Lang"., the European bison
- tilôn, a species of fish once found in Lake Prasias
- Script error: No such module "Lang"., a species of fish once found in Lake Prasias. Script error: No such module "Lang"., masc. acc. pl.
A number of anthroponyms (some known only from Paeonian coinage) are attested: Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), etc. In addition several toponyms (Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and a few theonyms Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the Paeonian Dionysus, as well as the following:
- Script error: No such module "Lang"., effluent of the Strumica River, perhaps from Script error: No such module "Lang"., "boggy" (cf. German Script error: No such module "Lang"., "wet", Middle Irish Script error: No such module "Lang". "salmon", Sanskrit Template:Transliteration "mud, mire", Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". "passage", "way");
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (nowadays near Gevgelija), name of a city (cf. Greek Idomeneus, proper name in Homer; "Ida", mountain in Crete);
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (today Gradsko), name of a city, from Script error: No such module "Lang". (cf. Old Prussian Script error: No such module "Lang". "rock", Old Church Slavonic Template:Transliteration, "pillar", Old English Script error: No such module "Lang"., "post", Ancient Greek Template:Transliteration, "scolding, bad language");
- Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".,[9] nowadays Dysoro, Script error: No such module "Lang".), name of a mountain, from "dys-", "bad" (cf. Greek Template:Transliteration "difficult", and "oros" Greek Template:Transliteration, "mountain");
- Script error: No such module "Lang"., name of a tribe, possibly from Script error: No such module "Lang". "field" (cf. Lat. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Grc. Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration, Eng. acre) with cognates in the Greek tribe of Agraioi who lived in Aetolia, and the name of the month Agrianos which is found throughout the Dorian and Aeolian worlds.[5][10]
References
Further reading
- Francisco Villar. Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa. Il Mulino, 1997. Template:ISBN
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Template:Paleo-Balkan languages Template:Paionians
- ↑ Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans and Ellen van Zanten as ed., A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, Walter de Gruyter, 2010, Template:ISBN, p. 433.
- ↑ a b c d Radoslav Katicic, (2012) Ancient Languages of the Balkans: n.a. Volume 4 of Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter, p. 119, Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Susan Wise Bauer (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome. Template:ISBN, page 518: "... Italy); to the north, Thracian tribes known collectively as the Paeonians."
- ↑ Francesco Villari. Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa. Il Mulino, 1997. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ cite journal|Hrach Martirosyan “Origins and historical development of the Armenian language” in Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical, n.º10 (2013). Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ I. M. Diakonoff The Problem of the Mushki Template:Webarchive in The Prehistory of the Armenian People
- ↑ Suda, delta, 1679
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".