Defaka language

Defaka is an endangered and divergent Nigerian language of uncertain classification. It is spoken in the Opobo–Nkoro LGA of Rivers State, in the Defaka or Afakani ward of Nkọrọ town and Ịwọma Nkọrọ. The low number of Defaka speakers, coupled with the fact that other languages dominate the region where Defaka is spoken, edges the language near extinction on a year-to-year basis. It is generally classified in an Ijoid branch of the Niger–Congo family. However, the Ijoid proposal is problematic. Blench (2012) notes that "Defaka has numerous external cognates and might be an isolate or independent branch of Niger–Congo which has come under Ịjọ influence."Template:Self-published source

People

Ethnically, the Defaka people are distinct from the Nkoroo, but they have assimilated to Nkoroo culture to such a degree that their language seems to be the only sign of a distinct Defaka identity. Use of the Defaka language however is quickly receding in favour of the language of the Nkoroo, an Ijaw language. Nowadays, most Defaka speakers are elderly people, and even among these, Defaka is rarely spoken — the total number of Defaka speakers is at most 200 nowadays (SIL/Ethnologue 15th ed.). The decrease in use of Defaka is stronger in Nkoroo town than in the Iwoma area. Since the language communities between Defaka and Nkoroo are so intertwined, it is hard to determine which language influences the other.

All children grow up speaking Nkoroo (an Ijo language) as a first language. The next most used language among the Defaka is Igbo, owing to the political influence of the Opobo since the days of the Oil Rivers Trade. Igbo has been a language of instruction in many schools in the region and still functions as a regional trade language.

Classification

The Defaka language shows many lexical similarities with Ijọ, some shared regular sound correspondences and some typological similarities with proto-Ịjọ. For example, both languages have a subject–object–verb basic word order, which is otherwise extremely rare in the Niger–Congo language family, being found only in the Mande and Dogon branches. Template:Interlinear

Also, Defaka has a sex-gender system distinguishing between masculine, feminine, and neuter 3rd-person singular pronouns; this is once again a rarity among south-central Niger–Congo languages other than Ịjoid and Defaka.Template:Sfn

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While some of the lexical and maybe typological similarities can be attributed to borrowing (as Defaka has been in close contact with Ijọ for more than 300 years), the sound correspondences point to a (somewhat distant) genealogical relationship.

Phonology

Nearly all Defaka are bilingual in Nkọrọọ, and the phonology appears to be the same as that language.

Tone

Defaka has two tones, Template:Sm and Template:Sm. On long vowels and diphthongs, as well as disyllabic words, Template:Sm and Template:Sm contours occur. In addition, there is a downstep that may appear between high tones, and which is the remnant of an elided low tone. However, Shryock et al. were not able to measure significant differences in the pitch traces of Template:Sm, Template:Sm, and Template:Sm–downstep–Template:Sm, all of which have a falling pitch, suggesting that there may be fewer distinctive word tones than the combinations of syllable tones would suggest. However, these all clearly contrast with level-pitched Template:Sm and rising-pitched Template:Sm.Template:Sfn

Vowels

The Ijoid vowel harmony has collapsed in Defaka, as it has in Nkọrọọ. There are seven oral vowels, ,Template:Sfn though and are uncommon. There are five nasal vowels, .Template:Sfn All may occur long, and the nasal vowels are inherently long.Template:Sfn Long vowels are at least twice as long as short vowels, except Template:Grapheme and Template:Grapheme.Template:Sfn

Consonants

ConsonantsTemplate:Sfn

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial- velar
Nasal		Template:IPAlink	(Template:IPAlink)Template:Efn		(Template:IPAlink)Template:Efn
Implosive		Template:IPAlink
Plosive	voiceless	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
	voiced	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Affricate				Template:IPAlink
Fricative	voiceless	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
	voiced	Template:IPAlink	(Template:IPAlink)Template:Efn
Tap			Template:IPAlink
Lateral			Template:IPAlink
Approximant			(Template:IPAlink)Template:Efn	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink

Most voiceless obstruents are tenuis. However, Template:IPAslink has a slightly negative voice onset time. That is, voicing commences somewhat before the consonant is released, as in English "voiced" stops such as Template:Grapheme. This is typical of labial-velar stops.Template:Sfn Template:IPAslink, on the other hand, is fully voiced, as are the other voiced obstruents.Template:Sfn Shryock et al. analyse the prenasalised stops as consonant clusters with .Template:Sfn Template:IPAblink varies with Template:IPAblink, with some speakers using one, some the other, and some either, depending on the word.Template:Sfn

and may be nasalised before nasal vowels.Template:Sfn

The velar plosives and may be lenited to Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink between vowels.

The tap is pronounced as an approximant, , by some speakers.Template:Sfn It only occurs between vowels and at the ends of words.

See also

• Defaka word list (Wiktionary)

External links

• Defaka at UNESCO
• Defaka word lists and recordings at The UCLA Phonetics Lab.
• Defaka targeted by a proposal to document endangered languages.
• Defaka and Nkoroo a project to document Defaka and Nkoroo