Ensifera
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Ensifera is a suborder of insects that includes the various types of crickets and their allies, including true crickets, camel crickets, bush crickets or katydids, grigs, wētā, and Cooloola monsters. This and the suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers and their allies) make up the order Orthoptera. Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera, with its origins in the Carboniferous period,[1] the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period.[2] Unlike the Caelifera, the Ensifera contain numerous members that are partially carnivorous, feeding on other insects, as well as plants.
Ensifer is Latin for "sword bearer", and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females.[3]
Characteristics
Characteristics shared by the two orthopteran suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera, are the mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing, the modified prothorax, the hind legs modified for jumping, the wing shape and venation, and the sound-producing stridulatory organs.[1]
Ensiferans are distinguished from Caeliferans by their elongated, threadlike antennae, which are often longer than the length of their bodies and have over 30 segments (except in the subterranean Cooloolidae family). For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as "long-horned orthopterans". In the families in which the males sing, the fore wings have modifications that include toothed veins and scrapers for making the noise, and the surrounding membranous areas amplify the sound. In these groups, the sound-detecting tympanal organs are located on the tibiae of the front legs.[4] The tarsi have three segments and the ovipositor is blade-like or needle-like. The male attaches the spermatophore externally to the female's gonopore. The spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax, the function of which is to provide a nutritional nuptial gift to the female.[4][5]
Taxonomy
The Orthoptera Species File database lists the following superfamilies and families.[6]
- Infraorder †Elcanidea
- Superfamily †Elcanoidea
- Family †Elcanidae (Late Triassic - Paleocene)
- Family †Permelcanidae (Early Permian - Late Triassic)
- Superfamily †Permoraphidioidea
- Family †Permoraphidiidae (Permian)
- Family †Pseudelcanidae (Early Permian)
- Family †Thueringoedischiidae (Early Permian)
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Acridiites Heer, 1865Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily †Elcanoidea
- Infraorder Gryllidea
- Superfamily Grylloidea
- Family †Baissogryllidae
- Family Gryllidae - true crickets
- Family Mogoplistidae - scaly crickets
- Family Phalangopsidae Blanchard, 1845Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Protogryllidae Zeuner, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Trigonidiidae Saussure, 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily Gryllotalpoidea Leach, 1815Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Family Gryllotalpidae Leach, 1815Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mole crickets
- Family Myrmecophilidae Saussure, 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - ant crickets
- Superfamily Grylloidea
- Infraorder †Oedischiidea
- Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Anelcanidae Carpenter, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Bintoniellidae Handlirsch, 1939Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Mesoedischiidae Gorochov, 1987Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Oedischiidae Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Proparagryllacrididae Riek, 1956Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Pruvostitidae Zalessky, 1929Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Crinoedischia Béthoux & Beckemeyer, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Genus †Loxoedischia Beckemeyer, 2011Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily †Triassomantoidea Tillyard, 1922Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Adumbratomorphidae Gorochov, 1987Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Triassomantidae Tillyard, 1922Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily †Xenopteroidea Riek, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Xenopteridae Riek, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily incertae sedis
- family †Permotettigoniidae Nel & Garrouste, 2016Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Permophyllum Prokop, et al, 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Infraorder Tettigoniidea
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Family †Eospilopteronidae Cockerell, 1916Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Haglidae Handlirsch, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Hagloedischiidae Gorochov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Prezottophlebiidae Martins-Neto, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Prophalangopsidae Kirby, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Tuphellidae Gorochov, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily †Phasmomimoidea Sharov, 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Phasmomimidae Sharov, 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea Walker, 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave weta
- Superfamily Schizodactyloidea Blanchard, 1845Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Schizodactylidae Blanchard, 1845Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - dune or splay-footed crickets
- Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea Burmeister, 1838Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Anostostomatidae Saussure, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - weta (except cave weta), king crickets
- Family Cooloolidae Rentz, 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cooloola monsters
- Family Gryllacrididae Blanchard, 1845Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - leaf-rolling crickets
- Family Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Jerusalem crickets
- Superfamily Tettigonioidea Krauss, 1902Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Haglotettigoniidae Gorochov, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 - bush crickets, katydids, koringkrieks
- Superfamily Incertae sedis
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Tettoraptor Gorochov, 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family incertae sedis
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Infraorder incertae sedis
- Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family †Gryllavidae Gorochov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Superfamily Incertae sedis
- Family †Palaeorehniidae (syn "Zeuneropterinae")[8]
- Family †Vitimiidae
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships of the Ensifera, summarized by Darryl Gwynne in 1995 from his own work and that of earlier authors,Template:Efn are shown in the following cladogram, with the Orthoptera divided into two main groups, Ensifera and Caelifera (grasshoppers). Fossil Ensifera are found from the late Carboniferous period onwards.[4][9]
The oldest known fossil in the Archaeorthoptera, the crown group of the Orthoptera, and also the oldest member of the Pterygota (winged insects), is from the Namurian (324 mya) Lower Carboniferous beds in the Upper Silesian Basin of the Czech Republic.[10]
Notes
References
External links
Template:Orthoptera Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. London: British Museum Natural History.
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- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)
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