I-mutation

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Template:Short description Template:For multi Template:More citations needed Template:Sound change Template:IPA notice I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is a type of sound change in which a back vowel is fronted or a front vowel is raised if the following syllable contains Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink (a voiced palatal approximant, sometimes called yod, the sound of English Template:Grapheme in yes). It is a category of regressive metaphony, or vowel harmony.

The term is usually used by scholars of the Germanic languages: it is particularly important in the history of the Germanic languages because inflectional suffixes with an Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". led to many vowel alternations that are still important in the morphology of the languages.

Germanic languages

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". I-mutation took place separately in the various Germanic languages from around 450 or 500 CE in the North Sea area and affected all the early languages,[1] except for Gothic.[2] It seems to have taken effect earliest and most completely in Old English and Old Norse. It took place later in Old High German; by 900, its effects are consistently visible only in the spelling of Germanic Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Other languages

I-mutation exists in many other languages but is often referred to by different names. As an example, in the Romance languages, it is more commonly called metaphony (from Ancient Greek, meaning "process of changing sounds," which translates into German as umlaut: Script error: No such module "Lang". "about" with Script error: No such module "Lang". "sound").[3] Meanwhile, in Celtic languages, it is referred to as affection.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A type of i-mutation is also observed in Anatolian languages, including Hittite, Luwian, Lycian and Lydian.[4][5][6][7]

Korean language

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In Middle Korean, I-backward-sequenced vowels (Script error: No such module "Lang".) were diphthongs, i.e. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "IPA".. However, in early modern Korean, they are monophthongized by umlaut, i.e. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". with only one exception: Script error: No such module "Lang"..[8] However, in late modern Korean, Script error: No such module "Lang". is diphthongized to Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9] Also, Script error: No such module "Lang". is unstable and standard Korean allows to pronounce both Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[10][11]

In modern Korean language, there are two types of I-mutation, or I-assimilation: I-forward-assimilation (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and I-backward-assimilation (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Assimilation occurs when ㅣ is in front of (forward) or behind (backward) the syllable. In standard Korean, only a few words are allowed to assimilate, however, exceptions are often observed in some dialects and casual usage.[12] I-forward-assimilation adds Script error: No such module "IPA". sound, but I-backward-assimilation causes vowel to umlaut.

  • Forward: Script error: No such module "Lang". (to bloom) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (no) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Backward: (Western Korean dialect) Script error: No such module "Lang". (baby) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (mother) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (meat) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".

See also

References

  1. ↑ See Fausto Cercignani, Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages, in «Language», 56/1, 1980, pp. 126-136.
  2. ↑ See Fausto Cercignani, Alleged Gothic Umlauts, in "Indogermanische Forschungen", 85, 1980, pp. 207-213.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Yakubovich, Ilya (2015) "The Luwian Language". Oxford Handbooks Online.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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