Scharnhorst-class battleship

Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship class overviewTemplate:Infobox ship characteristics

The Scharnhorst class was a class of German battleships (or battlecruisers) built immediately prior to World War II. The first capital ships of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, it comprised two vessels: and . Scharnhorst was launched first,Template:Sfn and is considered to be the lead ship by some sources; they are also referred to as the Gneisenau class in some other sources,Template:Sfn as Gneisenau was the first to be laid down and commissioned.Template:Sfn They marked the beginning of German naval rearmament after the Treaty of Versailles. The ships were armed with nine 28 cm (11 in) SK C/34 guns in three triple turrets; plans to replace these with six 38 cm (15 in) SK C/34 guns in twin turrets were never realized.

The two ships were laid down in 1935, launched in late 1936, and commissioned into the German fleet by early 1939. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau operated together for the early years of World War II, including sorties into the Atlantic to raid British merchant shipping. The two ships participated in Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway. During operations off Norway, the two ships engaged the battlecruiser Template:HMS and sank the aircraft carrier Template:HMS on 8 June 1940. In the engagement with Glorious, Scharnhorst achieved one of the longest-range naval gunfire hits in history. In early 1942, the two ships made a daylight dash up the English Channel from occupied France to Germany.

In late 1942, Gneisenau was heavily damaged in an Allied air raid against Kiel. In early 1943, Scharnhorst joined the Template:Sclass in Norway to interdict Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. Scharnhorst and several destroyers sortied from Norway to attack a convoy; the Germans were instead intercepted by British naval patrols. During the battle of North Cape, a force led by the Royal Navy battleship Template:HMS sank Scharnhorst. In the meantime, repair work on Gneisenau had begun, and the ship was in the process of being rearmed. When Scharnhorst was sunk, work on her sister was abandoned. Instead, she was sunk as a blockship in Gotenhafen in 1945; the wreck was broken up for scrap in the 1950s.

Classification

They were the first class of German ships to be officially classified by the Kriegsmarine as Schlachtschiff (battleship).Template:Sfn Previous German battleships were classified as Linienschiffe (ships of the line),Template:Efn and Panzerschiffe (armored ship).Template:Efn Their adversary, the Royal Navy, rated them as battlecruisersTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn but after the war reclassified them as battleships.Template:Sfn Jane's Fighting Ships 1940 lists both the Scharnhorst and Template:Sclasses as "Battleships (Schlachtschiffe)" Another adversary, the United States Navy, rated them as battleships.Template:Sfn In English language reference works they are sometimes referred to as battleships and sometimes as battlecruisers.Template:Efn

Design

Development

The Treaty of Versailles, which established the terms concluding World War I, restricted German naval shipbuilding to warships displacing no more than Template:Convert. Debates in Germany over the role and size of its navy continued through the 1920s, when increased naval shipbuilding in France and the Soviet Union prompted the Germans to begin drawing up designs for large capital ships.Template:Sfn The first design, completed in 1928, called for a Template:Convert battlecruiser armed with eight 30.5 cm (12 in) guns in four twin gun turrets,Template:Sfn based on the design for the Template:Sclasss that had not been completed during the war.Template:Sfn In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany; he made clear to the naval command that he had no intention of building a large fleet to challenge British supremacy at sea. He was primarily concerned with the possibility of a limited war with France, which would require the protection of German sea lanes. To this end, he authorized two more ships—the Template:Sclass2—to augment the three Template:Sclass Panzerschiffe (armored ships).Template:Sfn These ships would displace 19,000 tons and have the same armament and speed as the Panzerschiffe; the extra tonnage would be taken up by increased protection. Hitler wanted to follow this course so he would not be seen as overtly flouting the Treaty of Versailles. He did not realize that such "unsinkable" commerce raiders would provoke Great Britain more severely than 26,000-ton battlecruisers armed with 28.3 cm (11.1 inch) guns, which would be regarded as inferior to all the Royal Navy battleships and battlecruisers then in commission.Template:Sfn

File:Gneisenau1942.png

Gneisenau, depicted in her 1942 configuration

To combat the German Panzerschiffe, the French built two small Template:Sclasss in the early 1930s. This in turn prompted the German navy to begin plans for a more powerful battlecruiser design.Template:Sfn Since 1933, Erich Raeder, the head of the German Navy, had argued to increase the defensive qualities of the Panzerschiffe, and to increase the offensive power of the main battery with the addition of a third triple turret.Template:Sfn This was also the view of the Kriegsmarine, which saw the 19,000-ton design as being unbalanced.Template:Sfn Hitler agreed to increased armor protection and internal subdivision, but refused to permit an increase in armament. Finally, by February 1934, Hitler acquiesced over the addition of the third turret.Template:Sfn The new ship would displace Template:Convert and be armed with nine 28.3 cm guns in three triple turrets. To secure political freedom to build the new ships, Hitler concluded the 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which guaranteed Great Britain a 3 to 1 superiority in capital ships, and, more importantly, removed the limitations of the Treaty of Versailles for the German navy.Template:Sfn

The construction of D-class cruisers were canceled to make way for Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.Template:Sfn The provisional names of the planned D-class cruisers, Ersatz Elsass and Ersatz Hessen, were reallocated to the new ships, the contracts for which were awarded to the Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven and the Deutsche Werke in Kiel.Template:Sfn Construction was held up by 14 months, partly because Hitler wanted to secure the treaty with Britain before work began,Template:Sfn and partly due to numerous design changes after the ships had been ordered.Template:Sfn

Because the maximum caliber of naval gun allowed under the Anglo-German Naval Agreement was 40.6 cm (16 inch), Hitler soon had second thoughts about the guns to be used for the new ships and ordered that they be armed with 38 cm (15 inch) weapons. The 28.3 cm turrets were readily available; 38 cm turrets would take years to develop, and Hitler wanted capital ships as soon as possible to fulfill his political ideals.Template:Sfn He was also reminded that, despite the allowances of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, the British had historically been sensitive about increases in main gun calibers aboard German capital ships.Template:Sfn He therefore acquiesced to the ships' being armed with 28.3 cm guns, with the provision that they be upgunned to 38 cm at the earliest opportunity. The 38 cm turret was eventually used in the Bismarck-class battleships.Template:Sfn A plan to upgrade Gneisenau with 38 cm guns was proposed in 1942 while she was under repair, which also required lengthening the hull, strengthening the barbettes, and overhauling the electrical system, but this was abandoned in 1943.Template:Sfn

General characteristics

File:Scharnhorst1.jpg

Scharnhorst, before the fitting of the "Atlantic bow"

Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were Template:Convert long at the waterline; Scharnhorst was Template:Convert long overall, while Gneisenau had a slightly shorter overall length, at Template:Convert. The ships both had a beam of Template:Convert. They were designed to displace Template:Convert, which would have given the ships a draft of Template:Convert. At standard displacement of Template:Convert, which reduced draft to Template:Convert, while at a full combat load of Template:Convert, draft increased to Template:Convert. The ships' hulls were constructed from longitudinal steel frames, over which the outer hull plates were welded. Their hulls contained 21 watertight compartments and had a double bottom for 79% of their length.Template:Sfn

The German navy considered the ships to be poor sea boats; they were bow-heavy when fully equipped and very "wet" as high as the bridge. This problem was mitigated to some extent by replacement of the straight stem with an "Atlantic bow" to both Gneisenau and Scharnhorst in January and August 1939 respectively; use of the "A" turret remained restricted in heavy seas. The ships' stern was also frequently "wet", they were very slow entering a turn, and always required assistance from tugboats in shallow waters. With the rudder hard over, the ships lost over 50% speed and heeled over more than 10°. During trials, the ships heeled as much as 13° at hard rudder.Template:Sfn

Scharnhorst and Gneisenau had a crew of between 56 and 60 officers and 1,613 to 1,780 enlisted men. The crew was augmented by another 10 officers and 61 men when serving as a squadron flagship. They carried a number of smaller watercraft, including two picket boats, two launches, two barges, two pinnaces, two cutters, two yawls, and two dinghies.Template:Sfn

Propulsion

File:Scharnhorst1943.png

Scharnhorst, depicted in her 1943 configuration

Initially, diesel propulsion was planned for these ships, as had been used for the three Panzerschiffe. It was decided to use superheated steam propulsion, as the required total output for the desired speed was three times that of the Panzerschiffe. In the case of triple-screw ships, this would have meant more than twice the horsepower per shaft of the Panzerschiffe, and in the case of a quadruple-screw ship, this would have amounted to more than 40,000 horsepower per shaft. This requirement was beyond the diesel technology then available, and devising engines that could meet this demand would take an unforeseeable amount of time. Since high-pressure superheated steam had already proved successful, it was considered the most suitable choice for high power machinery.Template:Sfn

Scharnhorst was powered by three Brown, Boveri, & Co geared steam turbines, while Gneisenau was equipped with three Germania geared turbines. The turbines drove three-bladed screws that were Template:Convert in diameter. Steam was provided to the turbines by 12 Wagner ultra-high-pressure oil-fired water-tube boilers, which produced pressures up to Template:Convert and temperatures up to Template:Convert. The engines were rated at Template:Convert at 265 revolutions per minute (rpm), and on trials produced up to Template:Convert at 280 rpm. When steaming in reverse, the engines were rated for Template:Convert. The ships had a designed speed of Template:Convert; on trials both vessels beat their designed speeds—Scharnhorst hit Template:Convert and Gneisenau made Template:Convert. The ships carried Template:Convert of fuel oil as designed; additional storage areas, including hull spaces between the belt and torpedo bulkhead, increased capacity to Template:Convert. At maximum fuel load, the ships were expected to steam for Template:Convert at a cruising speed of Template:Convert; Scharnhorst reached only Template:Convert at 19 knots, while Gneisenau managed only Template:Convert at that speed.Template:Sfn

Electrical power was supplied to the ships by five electricity plants. Each plant consisted of four diesel generators and eight turbo-generators. The four diesel generators were divided into pairs: two provided 150 kilowatts each and two supplied 300 kW each. The eight turbo-generators were also of mixed capacity; six ran supplied 460 kW each and the remaining two provided 230 kW each. Total power output was 4,120 kW at 220 volts.Template:Sfn

Armament

File:Scharnhorst guns.jpg

ScharnhorstTemplate:'s forward guns

The Scharnhorst-class ships were built with a main battery of nine 28.3 cm (11.1 inch) SK C/34 54.5 caliber quick-firing guns in three triple turrets, two forward and one aft.Template:Sfn These guns were an improvement over the earlier 28.3 cm SK C/28 guns mounted on the Deutschland-class cruisers. While the 28.3 cm guns were of a smaller caliber than main guns of other navies, they were still preferred by a number of gunnery officers in the Kriegsmarine due to their higher rate of fire.Template:Sfn The guns were equipped with three different types of shells, an armor-piercing (AP) L/4,4 shell that weighed 330 kg (727.5 lb) and two high explosive (HE) shells that both weighed 315 kg (694.4 lb)—an L/4,4 type with a base fuse and an L/4,5 version with a nose fuse. All three types of shells used the same propellant charges: an RPC/38 42.5 kg (93.7 lb) fore charge and an RPC/38 76.5 kg (168.6 lb) main charge. They fired these shells at a rate of fire of 3.5 rounds per minute.Template:Sfn

Muzzle velocity for the AP shells was 890 meters per second (2,920 feet per second); the guns were expected to fire 300 rounds before enough wear had been incurred to warrant replacement. ScharnhorstTemplate:'s and GneisenauTemplate:'s guns were mounted in three C/34 turrets. The turrets were named, in alphabetical order from the bow of the ship: "Anton", "Bruno" and "Cäsar". Similarly to most other German installations, those turrets had an electric system of rotation, but all other operations were hydraulic systems. The rotating mass of the turret was 750 tons (internal barbette diameter 10.2 m), and traversing speed was 7.2 deg/sec. The turrets allowed depression of the guns to −8° and elevation to 40° for "A" and "C" turrets; "B" turret was capable of depressing to −9°. At maximum elevation, the guns could hit targets out to 40,930 m (44,760 yards).Template:Sfn

The ships carried a secondary battery of twelve 15 cm SK C/28 L/55 quick-firing guns. The guns were mounted in four C/34 twin turrets and four C/35 pedestal mounts. Both the turrets and pedestal mounts enabled barrel depression to −10°; the turrets allowed elevation to 40° while the pedestals limited it to 35°. These guns fired 45.3 kg (99.87 lb) shells at a rate of 6–8 per minute. They were expected to fire 1,100 rounds before barrel wear made repair or replacement necessary. The guns in pedestals had a range of 22,000 m (24,060 yd), while those in the turrets, capable of 5 more degrees of elevation, had a slightly longer range, at 23,000 m (25,153 yd). They were supplied with between 1,600 and 1,800 shells, or 133–150 shells per gun.Template:Sfn

Their anti-aircraft battery consisted of fourteen 10.5 cm C/33 L/65 guns, sixteen 3.7 cm L/83 guns, and between ten and twenty 2 cm guns. The 10.5 cm guns fired at a rate of 15–18 rounds per minute, and had an effective ceiling of 12,500 m (41,010 feet). They were mounted in six C/31 twin mounts amidships, and one such mount superfiring over "C" turret, which allowed depression to −8° and elevation to 80°. When used to engage surface targets, the guns had a maximum range of 17,700 m (19,357 yd) at an elevation of 45°.Template:Sfn The 10.5 cm guns were directed by four SL-6 stabilized anti-aircraft director posts.Template:Sfn The 3.7 cm guns were placed in eight manually operated C/30 twin mounts. At 85°, they had an effective ceiling of 6,800 m (22,310 ft), though tracers were limited to 4,800 m (15,750 ft). They had a rate of fire of 30 rounds per minute.Template:Sfn

In October 1939 both Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were equipped with a Seetakt radar mounted on the foretop rangefinder. A second radar set was emplaced on the rear rangefinder in 1942 whilst the ships were in Brest.Template:Sfn The Seetakt sets operated at 368 megacycles (MHz.), initially at 14 kW. The sets were later upgraded to operate at 100 kW, on the 80 cm wavelength (375 MHz.).Template:Sfn In March 1941, two triple 53.3 cm deck-mounted torpedo tubes were taken from the light cruisers and each and installed on the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau respectively,Template:Sfn with storage for 18 G7a torpedoes.Template:Sfn

Armor

File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-46, Schlachtschiff "Scharnhorst".jpg

Scharnhorst in harbor; the thickness of the armor belt is easily seen

File:Scharnhorstarmor.svg

Scharnhorst; schematic of armor distribution amidships.

The Scharnhorst-class ships were equipped with Krupp armor. Their upper armored deck was Template:Convert thick, and backed by the main armor deck. This deck was Template:Convert thick aft, increased to 50 mm in the central portion of the ship that contained the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces, and decreased down to 20 mm in the bow. It was supported by Template:Convert thick slopes on either longitudinal side.Template:Sfn The slopes connected to the lower edge of the main belt, an arrangement referred to as the "turtle deck."Template:Sfn The slopes significantly increased armor protection in the critical areas of the ship. The ships' vitals were well armored against any caliber shell fired by battleships at the time at ranges where the shell would have to penetrate both the main belt and the sloping deck. At very long ranges, the deck armor could be easily penetrated by heavy-caliber shells.Template:Sfn All of these sections were composed of Wotan Hart (Wotan Hard) steel.Template:Efn The armored belt was Template:Convert thick in the central portion of the ship,Template:Sfn where the critical areas of the ship were located. Forward of the "A" turret the belt was reduced to Template:Convert, which tapered down to zero at the bow of the ship. Aft of the rear gun turret the belt decreased to Template:Convert, and eventually tapered down to nothing at the stern. The central portion of the belt was backed by Template:Convert thick shields. The belt armor was composed of Krupp Cemented steel (KC).Template:Sfn The side protection system could not be penetrated by a Template:Convert 16 in (406 mm) shell at any range over Template:Convert.Template:Sfn

The forward conning tower had 350 mm-thick sides and a roof that was 200 mm-thick. The rear conning tower was less well armored, with sides and a roof that were only Template:Convert and 50 mm thick, respectively. The gun turrets for the main battery had Template:Convert thick faces, 200 mm thick sides, and 150 mm thick roofs.Template:Sfn The barbettes that held the 28 cm gun turrets were also heavily armored; the sides were 350 mm thick and tapered down to 200 mm on the centerline, where they were shielded by the gun turrets above.Template:Sfn The faces of the 15 cm turrets were Template:Convert thick, with Template:Convert thick sides and 50 mm thick roofs. The 10.5 cm gun mounts were equipped with Template:Convert gun shields. All of this armor was KC steel.Template:Sfn

The underwater protection system was designed to withstand a direct hit from a Template:Convert explosive warhead; British aerial torpedoes had smaller warheads than this, but their ship-launched weapons were more powerful. The navy conducted several full-scale underwater explosion tests with sections of armor cut from the old pre-dreadnought Template:SMS. The tests revealed that welded steel construction better withstood the impact of the 250 kg warhead than did riveted steel plates. The torpedo bulkhead, composed of Wotan Weich (Wotan, soft) steel, placed behind the armored belt was riveted; this was done because plate joints that had been incorrectly welded would not sufficiently withstand explosive shocks.Template:Sfn The underwater protection system was constructed out of several layers: the outer layer that was between 12 and 66 mm (.47–2.6 in) thick, directly underneath the main armored belt, was designed to detonate the torpedo warhead. Behind the outer plate was a large void which would allow gases from the explosion to expand and dissipate. Beyond this was a fuel bunker with an Template:Convert thick outer wall; this would absorb any remaining explosive force. The bunker was supported by longitudinal stiffeners and transverse bulkheads.Template:Sfn

The underwater side protection had numerous faults. It was extremely strong amidships, but weakened on either end of the citadel. The underwater protection could stop only a Template:Convert warhead in these areas. Another significant weakness in the design was the arrangement of the torpedo bulkhead. It was connected to the lower portion of the sloped deck, at an angle of 10°; two riveted angled bars held it in place. The bars were constantly under a great deal of stress, due to normal bending forces in the hull. When combined with the explosive force of a torpedo warhead, the bars could not sustain the increased pressure and could fail. Also, the beam of 30 m meant that the protection system had to be weaker around the main battery turrets, as a significant amount of the hull space was taken up by the magazines and barbettes.Template:Sfn

Service history

Construction data

Name	Namesake	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fate
	Gerhard von Scharnhorst	Kriegsmarinewerft, Wilhelmshaven	15 June 1935	3 October 1936	7 January 1939	Sunk following surface action, 26 December 1943
	August Neidhardt von Gneisenau	Deutsche Werke, Kiel	6 May 1935	8 December 1936	21 May 1938	Sunk as blockship at Gotenhafen, 23 March 1945; hull raised for breaking up, 1951

Construction and early actions

File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-11, Schlachtschiff "Gneisenau".jpg

Gneisenau in harbor

Gneisenau was laid down on 3 May 1935 at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel. She was launched on 8 December 1936, and completed on 21 May 1938.Template:Sfn During her launch, the ship sustained minor damage to her stern; the chains slowing her slide down the slipway broke, and the ship drifted too far and became beached on the opposite shore. After her commissioning, Gneisenau spent the first year of her career conducting trials and training cruises in the Baltic Sea. The cruises revealed the wetness of the bow and bridge; in January 1939 her "Atlantic bow" was installed.Template:Sfn Scharnhorst was laid down at the Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven, on 16 May 1935. She was launched on 30 June 1936 and completed on 7 January 1939.Template:Sfn In mid 1939, the ship conducted trials in the Baltic Sea; as with Gneisenau, the ship's low freeboard necessitated the installation of the "Atlantic bow", which was completed in August 1939. During that refit, a large hangar for the ship's aircraft was added amidships. The ship emerged from the dockyard in October.Template:Sfn

On 21 November, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau conducted a sweep between Iceland and the Faroe Islands; during the operation, the German ships encountered the British armed merchant cruiser Template:HMS; Scharnhorst sank the ship, but in the process sustained a hit from one of RawalpindiTemplate:'s 152 mm guns.Template:Sfn Scharnhorst stopped to pick up survivors, but the arrival of the cruiser Template:HMS prompted the German ships to withdraw.Template:Sfn

Operation Weserübung

On 7 April 1940, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau formed the primary covering force for the invasions of Narvik and Trondheim in Norway during Operation Weserübung. At 04:30 on 9 April, the Seetakt radar on Gneisenau picked up a contact, beginning the action off Lofoten; both ships went to battle stations. Half an hour later, muzzle flashes were observed, from what turned out to be the old battlecruiser Template:HMS which had been part of the cover for a British minelaying operation. The British battlecruiser initially targeted Gneisenau, at a range of Template:Convert. In the span of five minutes, Gneisenau hit Renown twice, but sustained one 15" and two 4.5" hits in return.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn One of the two 4.5" hits disabled GneisenauTemplate:'s A turret,Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn the 15" hit destroyed the main armament fire-control station, and knocked out her Seetakt radar.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn ScharnhorstTemplate:'s gunnery radar suffered technical problems, which prevented her from effectively engaging Renown. The British ship engaged Scharnhorst for a brief period starting at 05:18, but effective maneuvering by Scharnhorst allowed her to escape unscathed. Fears that the destroyers escorting Renown might make a torpedo attack prompted the German commander to break off the engagement.Template:Sfn By 07:15, the German ships had escaped from the slower Renown.Template:Sfn In the course of their escape Scharnhorst suffered from damage to her A turret caused by the heavy seas coming over her bows.Template:Sfn Scharnhorst and Gneisenau rendezvoused with the heavy cruiser before proceeding to Wilhelmshaven.Template:Sfn

Operation Juno

File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-12, Schlachtschiff "Scharnhorst".jpg

Scharnhorst after her "Atlantic bow" had been added

Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, with Admiral Hipper and four destroyers, departed again on 4 June for Operation Juno. After operations in the Arctic Sea that resulted in the sinking of several British ships, Admiral Hipper and the destroyers were detached to refuel in occupied Norway. At 16:45 on 8 June, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau spotted the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS, which was escorted by the destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS, at a range of around Template:Convert. The destroyers laid a smoke screen in an attempt to hide the carrier, but the Germans quickly closed the distance.Template:Sfn At 17:26, the range had decreased by half, to around Template:Convert, and both German ships opened fire. Scharnhorst struck Glorious at a range of approximately Template:Convert, one of the longest recorded hits in the history of naval gunfire.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Glorious was hit by at least three shells and reduced to a burning hulk, and at 19:00 the carrier capsized and sank. Scharnhorst shifted fire to Ardent while Gneisenau engaged Acasta; both ships sank their targets. Before she sank, Acasta launched four torpedoes at Scharnhorst; the ship evaded three, but the fourth struck the starboard side near the rear gun turret. During the engagement, Scharnhorst fired 212 main battery shells.Template:Sfn The torpedo hit caused significant damage to Scharnhorst; several watertight compartments, including parts of the starboard engine room, were flooded, she took on a list of 3°, and she was Template:Convert down by the stern.Template:Sfn

The two ships withdrew to Trondheim, though Scharnhorst was limited to a speed of Template:Convert—they arrived in the afternoon of 9 June. On 11 June, 12 Hudson bombers from the RAF attempted to bomb Scharnhorst; they all missed their target. Another air raid, this time 15 Blackburn Skuas launched by the Royal Navy's Template:HMS, followed on 13 June. The Luftwaffe intercepted the raid and shot down eight of the aircraft; seven made it through to the ship. Only one bomb found its mark, but it failed to explode. On 20 June, enough repair work had been done to permit the ship to sail down to Kiel. Two air attacks followed, but anti-aircraft fire from Scharnhorst and her escorts drove them both back. Reports of British ships in the area forced the ship to seek refuge in Stavanger for two days, before she resumed the journey to Kiel. Repairs were effected over the following six months.Template:Sfn

Operation Berlin

Under the command of Admiral Günther Lütjens, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau broke into the Atlantic in late January 1941 to raid convoys between North America and Great Britain.Template:Sfn On 8 February, they spotted a convoy, HX 106, but it was escorted by the battleship Template:HMS, armed with eight 38 cm (15 in) guns. The German ships therefore broke off the attack.Template:Sfn On 22 February, ran into three independent sailing merchant ships from a recently dispersed convoy. The battleships abandonned their search for convoys and started to hunt independent sailing ships, sank four vessels totalling Template:GRT and sank the Template:GRT tanker Lustrous.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Lütjens then decided to move away from the North-Atlantic convoy lanes and move the West African convoy lanes.Template:Sfn On 8 March, Scharnhorst spotted convoy SL 67, but again the attack had to be abandoned as the convoy was escorted by a battleship: Template:HMS. Lütjens returned to the North-Atlantic convoy lanes, on their way sank the Template:GRT Greek cargo ship Marathon. On 15 and 16 March they encountered ships from a dispersed convoy. sank six ships totaling Template:GRT, whilst sank seven ships totaling Template:GRT and captured another three ships totaling Template:GRT as prizes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Following this success, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau headed for Brest in occupied France; they arrived on 22 March. Scharnhorst had suffered repeated problems with defective superheater tubes in her boilers and this needed the repair facilities that existed in the French naval dockyard.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Air raid damage

Brest was comfortably within range for air attack from Britain. A series of raids started on 30 March.Template:Efn On 6 April, four Beaufort torpedo-bombers attacked Gneisenau after she had been moved to a buoy from dry dock. One of the attacking aircraft was successful;Template:Efn the hit did significant damage to the ship. Gneisenau shipped some Template:Convert of water, which caused her to list 2° and settle lower in the water. The shock force of the explosion also did a great deal of internal damage; fuel tanks were ruptured and electrical systems were damaged. A salvage tugboat was brought alongside to assist in flood control. Gneisenau was put into dry dock for repairs, which were prolonged by further British air raids. On the night of 9–10 April, British high-level bombers attacked both Gneisenau and Scharnhorst. The latter escaped unscathed, but the former was struck four times; 72 men were killed and another 90 were wounded.Template:Sfn

Scharnhorst completed engine repairs and the retubing of the defective superheaters in July, and after engine trials, was dispersed to La Pallice on 23 July to avoid a concentration of heavy units in Brest.Template:Efn While moored there on 24 July, Scharnhorst was attacked by 15 Halifax bombers from 2 squadrons;Template:Sfn five bombs—two high explosive Template:Convert and three semi-AP Template:Convert—found their mark.Template:Sfn The two 454 kg bombs penetrated both armored decks, all the way down through the double bottom, before coming to rest on the sea floor; they failed to explode. The third also failed to detonate. One of the 227 kg bombs penetrated the upper deck just forward of the rear gun turret, and exploded on the main armored deck.Template:Sfn The last bomb fell on the starboard side and also detonated on the main armor deck.Template:Sfn The ship listed at 8°, after having taken in between Template:Convert and Template:Convert of water; the list was reduced to 2° by counter-flooding. Casualties amounted to two men killed and 15 wounded. The following day Scharnhorst arrived in Brest for repairs, which lasted for four months.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Operation Cerberus

File:Scharnhorst-21.jpg

Aerial reconnaissance photograph of Scharnhorst in Kiel, after the "Channel Dash"

In early 1942, the crews of Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and the heavy cruiser made preparations for Operation Cerberus, a daylight dash up the English Channel. The ships were to be redeployed to Norway, to assist in the disruption of convoys to the Soviet Union, as well as the defense of occupied Norway. The risk of further damage from air raids, and the loss of the Bismarck and most of the supply ships had forced a change of thinking by the naval staff on the use of these ships for Atlantic sorties. If they could not be evacuated, Hitler ordered that they were to be decommissioned in Brest.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The ships left Brest late on 11 February, and remained undetected for the majority of the operation. East of Dover, a flight of six Swordfish torpedo bombers attacked the ships without result. At 15:31, Scharnhorst detonated a magnetic mine, which damaged the ship's circuit breakers enough to shut down the entire electrical system. The ship was immobilized briefly—between 15:49 and 16:01, all three turbines were restarted and the ship resumed a speed of Template:Convert. A series of air attacks ensued; through evasive maneuvers, anti-aircraft fire, and Luftwaffe fighters, they were all repulsed.Template:Sfn By noon on 13 February, Scharnhorst had reached Wilhelmshaven. After two days she was transferred to Kiel for repairs, which lasted until July 1942.Template:Sfn

Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen had continued their journey to Germany while Scharnhorst was immobilized. At 14:45, the ships were attacked by five Whirlwind fighter-bombers—German fighters beat them back. Several more air attacks followed over the next two hours, without success for the British. At 16:17, five British destroyers attempted to torpedo the German ships, but heavy fire from Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen mauled one and forced the others to turn away. Near Terschelling, Gneisenau struck a mine that did minor damage to the hull, and the explosive shock damaged one of her three turbines. Her captain ordered the ship to stop while temporary repairs were conducted, which lasted for about 30 minutes. By 03:50 on 13 February, the ship had reached Heligoland.Template:Sfn

ScharnhorstTemplate:'s deployment to Norway

In January 1943, it was decided to deploy Scharnhorst to Norway, along with Prinz Eugen and several destroyers. Attempts to sail on 7 and 23 January were aborted after the navy received reports of heavy activity at British air bases in Britain. A third try on 10 February terminated when Scharnhorst ran aground while trying to avoid collision with a U-boat. Repairs lasted until 26 February.Template:Sfn On 8 March, Scharnhorst and four destroyers departed Gotenhafen; she arrived off Narvik on 14 March. For 6 months, fuel shortages curtailed any major operations by Scharnhorst or the other ships in Norway,Template:Sfn which included the battleship and the heavy cruiser .Template:Sfn On 25 November 1943 Scharnhorst carried out a two-hour full-power trial, achieving Template:Convert, and it was noted that her draught had increased by over Template:Convert from her 1940 trials, where she had attained Template:Convert.Template:Sfn

Battle of North Cape

On 20 December 1943, Scharnhorst was ordered to intercept the next convoy to the Soviet Union, Convoy JW 55B.Template:Sfn The ship was to operate only with five destroyers; Tirpitz had been damaged in a British raid in September, and Lützow was away for periodic repairs.Template:Sfn On 25 December, the location of the convoy was ascertained, and at 19:00 the ship left port, under the command of Rear-Admiral Erich Bey. The British fleet had a significant advantage: they were able to decrypt German naval codes, and were aware of Bey's intentions.Template:Sfn The cruisers Template:HMS, Template:HMS, and Template:HMS were positioned to block Scharnhorst. Admiral Bruce Fraser, aboard the battleship Template:HMS, was some 270 miles away, and steaming to cut off Scharnhorst after she was engaged by the three cruisers. Belfast picked up Scharnhorst on radar at 08:40; forty minutes later lookouts on Sheffield spotted the ship, at a distance of Template:Convert. Shortly thereafter, Belfast fired star shells to illuminate the target, and Norfolk opened fire with her 20.3 cm (8 in) guns; in the span of 20 minutes, she hit Scharnhorst twice.Template:Sfn The second hit destroyed Scharnhorst's forward Seetakt radar.Template:Sfn

File:Scharnhorst survivors A 021202.jpg

Survivors from Scharnhorst disembarking in Scapa Flow

By 10:00, Scharnhorst, using her 4–6 knot speed advantage, broke off the engagement and resumed searching for the convoy. At 12:00, Belfast again picked up Scharnhorst, and in 20 minutes were again in range.Template:Sfn This time, Scharnhorst had better luck with her gunnery; at 12:23, Norfolk was hit twice by 28.3 cm shells. One hit disabled a gun turret, and the second tore a hole in the hull and disabled her radar. Near-misses rained shell splinters down on Sheffield. At 12:41, Scharnhorst again increased speed and broke off the engagement. The British shadowed her, and relayed position reports to Admiral Fraser in Duke of York. At 13:15, Admiral Bey decided to call off the search and return to port.Template:Sfn Shortly before 17:00, the British ships closed in: Belfast again illuminated the ship with star shells, while Duke of York fired salvos from her main battery. A hit from Duke of York disabled "A" turret, and at 18:00, another hit penetrated the upper portion of the belt and caused significant damage to the engine room. This hit temporarily reduced her speed to Template:Convert, but repairs quickly allowed her to steam at Template:Convert.Template:Sfn

Shells from Scharnhorst's main guns struck Duke of YorkTemplate:'s mast and disabled her surface radars. The lack of radar forced Duke of York to cease fire at 18:24, after having hit Scharnhorst at least 13 times.Template:Sfn The hits from Duke of York disabled most of ScharnhorstTemplate:'s armament in the process. Admiral Fraser ordered his destroyers to approach the ship and torpedo her. Scharnhorst was hit at least four times by torpedoes fired by Template:HMS and Template:HNoMS. The hits caused extensive flooding and slowed the ship to Template:Convert. Duke of York then closed to Template:Convert to hammer away at the ship. At the time, only "C" turret on Scharnhorst remained operational; surviving gun crews transferred ammunition from the disabled "A" and "B" turrets to "C" turret. As more water entered Scharnhorst, her speed continued to fall to Template:Convert.Template:Sfn At 19:25, the light cruiser Template:HMS fired three torpedoes, followed by six from Belfast. Several destroyers closed in and fired torpedoes as well, though in the smoke and haze, it was unknown how many hit the crippled ship. Scharnhorst was listing severely and very low in the water. At 19:45, the ship capsized to starboard and sank, with her propellers still spinning.Template:Sfn She sank at the position Template:Coord. Of the crew of 1,968 officers and men, only 36 survived.Template:Sfn Rear-Admiral Erich Bey was lost with his ship.Template:Sfn

GneisenauTemplate:'s reconstruction

File:Gneisenau-1.jpg

GneisenauTemplate:'s "C" turret in Norway

Gneisenau was also scheduled to deploy to Norway, but she suffered heavy damage during a bombing raid on the night of 26–27 February 1942. A 1000 lb bomb penetrated the armored deck just ahead of the forward turret; shell splinters detonated the ammunition magazine, which did tremendous damage to the bow of the ship and burnt out "A" turret; 112 men were killed and another 21 were injured. It was estimated that it would take two years to make the ship ready for service.Template:Sfn Since this was such a long period, it was determined that it would be more efficient if during the repair work, the ship was reconstructed to mount six 38 cm (15 in) guns in place of her 28.3 cm weapons. To accomplish this, the hull would need to be lengthened by Template:Convert to provide additional buoyancy and the electrical system would have to be overhauled. Turrets "B" and "C" were to be removed and transferred to Norway to serve as coastal defense guns.Template:Sfn

On 4 April, Gneisenau, along with the icebreaker Castor and the old pre-dreadnought Template:SMS departed Kiel for Gotenhafen. Once there, conversion work began: the wrecked bow was removed and her "B" and "C" turrets were removed and disassembled for transport. Krupp would build the new 38 cm turrets, which required strengthening of the barbette structures to support their weight. By early 1943, repair work was largely completed and the ship was ready to receive the improved bow and 38 cm turrets, but this was not to be. The failure of surface units to destroy a convoy in the Arctic during Operation Regenbogen on 31 December 1942 prompted Hitler to order all major surface units to be scrapped. Work on Gneisenau ceased, and materials that had been allocated for her repair were diverted to other projects.Template:Sfn

The ship was then disarmed and all but abandoned in the harbor.Template:Sfn Her 15 cm guns were placed as coastal batteries in Denmark.Template:Sfn When the Soviet army approached in early 1945, the ship was towed out into the outer harbor and sunk as a block ship, on 23 March 1945.Template:Sfn A Polish salvage firm raised the wreck on 12 September 1951 and subsequently broke the ship up for scrap metal. "C" Turret remains in Trondheim, Norway at Austrått Fort; the Norwegian government offered without success to return the turret to Germany for display in a museum.Template:Sfn The 15 cm guns in Denmark were taken over by the Danish military; two of the turrets were moved to Stevnsfort in 1952. The guns were put into reserve in 1984, but continued to be fired during annual training. They fired their last shot in 2000, after which the fortress was turned into a museum.Template:Sfn

See also

• Design 1047 battlecruiser – a Dutch battlecruiser design that was heavily influenced by the Scharnhorst-class design.