PARAM

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Revision as of 04:11, 17 April 2025 by imported>Citation bot (Altered title. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by CorrectionsJackal | Category:Supercomputers | #UCB_Category 68/120)
(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Main other

Template:Use dmy dates

PARAM is a series of Indian supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.[1][2] PARAM means "supreme" in the Sanskrit language, whilst also creating an acronym for "PARAllel Machine".[1]

History

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". C-DAC was created in November 1987, originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology (C-DACT).[3] This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources.[4] The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology.[5]

PARAM 8000

The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch.[2] A prototype was benchmarked at the "1990 Zurich Super-computing Show":[note 1] of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States.[6]

A 64-node machine was delivered in August 1991.[2][1] Each node used Inmos T800/T805 transputers.[1] A 256-node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS, however in practice had a sustained performance of 100-200MFLOPS.[1][2] PARAM 8000 was a distributed memory MIMD architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network.[7]

The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested, for the same $10 million cost quoted for it.[8]

Exports

The computer was a success and was exported to Germany, United Kingdom and Russia.[9] Apart from taking over the home market, PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of $350,000.[10]

The computer was also exported to the ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.[11][12][13][14]

PARAM 8600

PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000. In 1992 C-DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released Intel i860 processor.[15] Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers.[7][2][1] The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600; this meant that programs were portable.[2][1] Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.[1]

PARAM 9000

The PARAM (param vashisht lega) 9000 was designed to be merge cluster processing and massively parallel processing computing workloads.[16] It was first demonstrated in 1994.[4] The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated.[7] Typically a system used 32–40 processors, however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the clos network topology.[7] The PARAM 9000/SS was the SuperSPARC II processor variant,[17] the PARAM 9000/US used the UltraSPARC processor,[8] and the PARAM 9000/AA used the DEC Alpha.[18]

PARAM 10000

The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C-DAC's second mission.[4] PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes, each based on the Sun Enterprise 250 server; each such server contained two 400Mhz UltraSPARC II processors. The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node. The peak speed of this base system was 6.4 GFLOPS.[19] A typical system would contain 160 CPUs and be capable of 100 GFLOPS[20] But, it was easily scalable to the TFLOP range. Exported to Russia and Singapore.[21]

Further computers

Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one-off supercomputers, rather than serial production machines. From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the National Supercomputing Mission.

Supercomputer summary

PARAM Timeline
Name Release Year Notes Rmax Rpeak Location
PARAM 8000 1991 Inmos T800 Transputers, Distributed Memory MIMD, 64 processors Multiple
PARAM 8600 1992 Improved version of PARAM 8000. Intel i860, 256 processors. Each 8600 cluster was as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.[22] 5 GFLOPS Multiple
PARAM 9900 1994 Clos network. SuperSPARC II, UltraSPARC and DEC Alpha variants, 32 to 200 processors Multiple
PARAM 10000 1998 Sun Enterprise 250, 400Mhz UltraSPARC UltraSPARC II processor, 160 processors 6.4 GFLOPS Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj
PARAM Padma 2002[4] 1TB storage, 248 IBM Power4 – 1 GHz,[4] IBM AIX 5.1L, PARAMNet. PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list.[4] 1024 GFLOPS C-DAC Bengaluru
PARAM Yuva 2008 4608 cores, Intel 73XX – 2.9 GHz, 25 to 200 TB,[23] PARAMnet 3. 38.1 TFLOPS[24] 54 TFLOPS[24]
PARAM Yuva II 2013 Created in three months at a cost of Template:INRConvert - first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops.[25][26][27] Intel is the original equipment manufacturer and NetWeb technologies is the system integrator. It is interconnected with Indian Institute of Technology and National Institute of Technology via National Knowledge Network.[28] 360.8 TFLOPS[29][30] 524 TFLOPS C-DAC Pune
PARAM Kanchenjunga[31] 2016 Cost ₹3 crore.[32] 15 TFLOPS National Institute of Technology, Sikkim
PARAM Ishan 2016 Storage 300TB based on Lustre.[22] 250 TFLOPS[33] IIT Guwahati
PARAM Bio-Embryo[34] 100 TFLOPS Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune
PARAM Bio-Inferno[34] 147.5 TFLOPS C-DAC Pune
PARAM Shrestha[34] 100 TFLOPS C-DAC Pune
PARAM Neel[35] India's first HPC system that uses the Fujitsu A64fx- NSP1 CPU, an ARM processor with 48 cores and a speed of 1.8 GHz 100 TFLOPS C-DAC Pune
PARAM Shivay[36][37] 2019 192 CPU compute nodes, 20 High memory nodes, 11 GPU compute nodes. Cost ₹32.5 crore. 0.43 PFLOPS 0.84 PFLOPS IIT (BHU) Varanasi
PARAM Brahma[38][39] 2019 1PB storage. Uses Direct Contact Liquid Cooling.[22] 0.85 PFLOPS 1.7 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune
PARAM Siddhi-AI[40] 2020 Nvidia DGX SuperPOD based networking architecture, HPC-AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from C-DAC 4.6 PFLOPS 5.267 PFLOPS C-DAC Pune
PARAM Sanganak[41] 2020 1.67 PFLOPS IIT Kanpur
PARAM Yukti[35] 1.8 PFLOPS Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru
PARAM Utkarsh[42] 2021 Based on Intel Cascade Lake processor and Nvidia Tesla V100 GPU with 100 Gbit/s infiniband non-blocking interconnect 838 TFLOPS C-DAC Bengaluru
PARAM Smriti[43] 2021 838 TFLOPS National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali
PARAM Seva[34] 2021 Based on heterogeneous and hybrid configuration of Intel Xeon Cascade Lake processors, and Nvidia Tesla V100. 838 TFLOPS IIT Hyderabad
PARAM Spoorthi[35] 2021 100 TFLOPS Society for Electronic Transactions and Security, Chennai
PARAM Pravega[44][45] 2022 It runs on CentOS 7.x, has 4PB storage, Intel Xeon Cascade Lake processors and Nvidia Tesla V100.[22] 3.3 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
PARAM Ganga[46] 2022 1.67 PFLOPS IIT Roorkee
PARAM Shakti[47] 2022 850 TFLOPS 1.66 PFLOPS IIT Kharagpur
PARAM Ananta[48] 2022 838 TFLOPS IIT Gandhinagar
PARAM Himalaya[35] 2022 838 TFLOPS IIT Mandi
PARAM Kamrupa[49] 2022 107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 9 high memory nodes, 740 CPU cores, 102400 CUDA cores. It runs on low and high microwave power with active and passive high energy source.[50][51][52][53] Liquid cooling.[54] 838 TFLOPS 1.5 PFLOPS IIT Guwahati[55]
PARAM Porul[56] 2022 107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 39 high memory nodes, 102400 CUDA cores.[57] 838 TFLOPS National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli
PARAM AIRAWAT 2023 The combined AIRAWAT PoC of 200 AI Petaflops and PARAM Siddhi-AI of 210 AI Petaflops results in a sustained computing capacity of 8.5 Petaflops (Rmax) Double Precision and a total peak compute of 410 AI Petaflops Mixed Precision. 13 Petaflops is the maximum computation capacity (Double Precision, Rpeak). A plan for expanding AIRAWAT to 1,000 AI Petaflops of Mixed Precision computing capacity has been envisioned by MeitY.[58] 8.5 PFLOPS 13 PFLOPS C-DAC Pune
PARAM Rudra[34] 2021 Based on Intel Xeon 2nd Generation Cascade Lake dual socket processors, Nvidia A100 GPU, 35TB memory, and 2PB storage.[59] Cost ₹130 crore.[60] 138 TFLOPS C-DAC Pune
2024 1 PFLOPS[61] Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, Pune[61]
3 PFLOPS[61] Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi
838 TFLOPS[61] S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata

PARAMNet

PARAMNet is a high speed high bandwidth low latency network developed for the PARAM series. The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non-blocking switch developed by C-DAC. Each port provided 400 Mb/s in both directions (thus 2x400 Mbit/s) as it was a full-duplex network. It was first used in PARAM 10000.[8]

PARAMNet II, introduced with PARAM Padma, is capable of 2.5 Gbit/s while working full-duplex. It supports interfaces like Virtual Interface Architecture and Active messages. It uses 8 or 16 port SAN switches.[62]

PARAMNet-3, used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva-II, is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems. PARAMNet-3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components. The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards (NIC) based on CDAC's fourth generation communication co-processor "GEMINI", and modular 48-port Packet Routing Switch "ANVAY". The software component "KSHIPRA" is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications. Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet-3 are storage and database applications.[63]

Operators

PARAM supercomputers are used by both public and private[23] operators for various purposes. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in Russia, Singapore, Germany and Canada. PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ghana, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[64]

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named UNIDO
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1996-kahaner
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1989-delapierre
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2004-sinha
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1999-bbc
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1998-outlook
  7. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1997-marvin
  8. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1999-rajaraman-p75
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1994-bhatkar
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named mohan-param9000
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1995-van-der-steen
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 1996-harkar
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Inaugurated on 27 March 2022
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "note", but no corresponding <references group="note"/> tag was found

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=PARAM&oldid=119543"