User:Garzo/projects/sandbox

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Syriac alphabet

Letter names Template:Transliteration (classical) Template:Transliteration (eastern) Template:Transliteration (western) Pronunciation
[[Aleph|Template:Transliteration]]* File:Aramaic alap.svg File:SyriacAlaph2.png Serto Script error: No such module "IPA". (glottal stop)
or silent
[[Bet (letter)|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic beth c.png File:SyriacBeth2.png Serto hard: b (voiced bilabial plosive)
soft: v (voiced labiodental fricative)
or w (labial-velar approximant)
Gāmal File:Aramaic gamal c.png File:SyriacGamal2.png Serto hard: g (voiced velar plosive)
soft: Script error: No such module "IPA". (voiced velar fricative)
[[Dalet|Template:Transliteration]]* File:Aramaic daleth.png File:SyriacDalath.png Serto hard: d (voiced alveolar plosive)
soft: ð (voiced dental fricative)
* File:Aramaic heh.png File:SyriacHe.png Serto h (voiceless glottal fricative)
Waw* File:Aramaic waw.png File:SyriacWaw.png Serto consonant: w (labial-velar approximant)
mater lectionis: u (close back rounded vowel)
or o (close-mid back rounded vowel)
Zai(n)* File:Aramaic zain.png File:SyriacZayn.png Serto z (voiced alveolar fricative)
[[Heth (letter)|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic kheth c.png File:SyriacKheth2.png Serto ħ (voiceless pharyngeal fricative)
or x (voiceless velar fricative)
[[Teth|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic teth c.png File:SyriacTeth2.png Serto tScript error: No such module "IPA". (pharyngealized voiceless alveolar plosive)
[[Yodh|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic yodh c.png File:SyriacYodh2.png Serto consonant: j (voiced palatal approximant)
mater lectionis: i (close front unrounded vowel)
or e (close-mid front unrounded vowel)
[[Kaph|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic kap c.pngFile:Aramaic kap.png File:SyriacKaph2.pngFile:SyriacKaph.png Serto hard: k (voiceless velar plosive)
soft: x (voiceless velar fricative)
[[Lamedh|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic lamadh c.png File:SyriacLamadh2.png Serto l (alveolar lateral approximant)
Mīm File:Aramaic meem c.png File:SyriacMeem2.png Serto m (bilabial nasal)
Nūn File:Aramaic noon c.pngFile:Aramaic noon.png File:SyriacNun2.pngFile:SyriacNun.png Serto n (alveolar nasal)
[[Samekh|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic simkath c.png File:SyriacSimkath2.png / File:SyriacSimkath3.png Serto s (voiceless alveolar fricative)
‘Ē File:Aramaic ain c.png File:Syriac'E2.png Serto Script error: No such module "IPA". (voiced pharyngeal fricative)
File:Aramaic payin c.png File:SyriacPe2.png Serto hard: p (voiceless bilabial plosive)
soft: f (voiceless labiodental fricative)
or w (labial-velar approximant)
[[Tsade|Template:Transliteration]]* File:Aramaic tsade.png File:SyriacSadhe.png Serto sScript error: No such module "IPA". (pharyngealized voiceless alveolar fricative)
[[Qoph|Template:Transliteration]] File:Aramaic qoph c.png File:SyriacQop2.png Serto q (voiceless uvular plosive)
Rēš* File:Aramaic resh.png File:SyriacResh.png Serto r (alveolar trill)
Šīn File:Aramaic sheen c.png File:SyriacSheen2.png Serto Script error: No such module "IPA". (voiceless postalveolar fricative)
Taw* File:Aramaic taw.png File:SyriacTaw.png Serto hard: t (voiceless alveolar plosive)
soft: θ (voiceless dental fricative)

* These letters do not join to the following letter (to the left). In some older texts, all letters can join to the left. In some styles of Madnhāyā script, Taw-Ālaph form a ligature, whereas Taw does not usually join to the left.

Narsai and Jacob timeline

  • c.399 — Narsai born at ‘Ain Dulba in Ma‘alta
  • 412 — Rabbula becomes bishop of Edessa
  • 431 — Council of Ephesus: Rabbula supporst Cyril of Alexandria and burns the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia
  • 435 — Rabbula dies and Ibas becomes bishop of Edessa
  • c.437 — Narsai begins to teach at the School of Edessa
  • 449 — Ibas condemned by the Latrocinium of Ephesus, and replaced by Nonnus
  • 451 — Ibas restored by the Council of Chalcedon
  • 451 — Jacob born in Kurtam on the Euphrates
  • 457 — Ibas dies and is succeded by Nonnus
  • 471 — Cyrus becomes bishop of Edessa, and Narsai leaves for Nisibis
  • 489 — Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa
  • 496 — The Statutes of the School of Nisibis show Narsai is still alive there
  • c.502 — Narsai dies in Nisibis
  • 503 — Shah Kavadh I lays bitter siege to Amid
  • 519 — Jacob elected as bishop of Batnan da-Srugh
  • 519–520 — Jacob writes a letter to the Ḥimyarite Christians of Najrān
  • 29 Novemeber 521 — Jacob dies in Batnan da-Srugh

School of Nisibis timeline (from Becker)

  • 363 — Julian the Apostate dies; Nisibis ceded to the Sasanian Empire; Ephrem of Nisibis migrates to Edessa
  • 373 — Ephrem dies
  • 399 — Evagrius of Pontus dies
  • c.400 — Greek Patristic literature begins to be transalted into Syriac
  • 428 — Theodore of Mopsuestia dies
  • 431 — Council of Ephesus (Third Ecumenical Council)
  • 435/6 — Bishop Rabbula of Edessa dies
  • 449 — 'Robber' Council of Ephesus
  • 451 — Council of Chalcedon (Fourth Ecumenical Council)
  • 457 — Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, dies
  • 474–475, 476–91 — Reign of Zeno
  • 489 — Closure of the School of the Persians of Edessa
  • c.500 — Neoplatonic Commentaries begin to be translated into Syriac
  • 503 — Narsai dies after this date
  • c.510–569 — Abraham of Bēt Rabban, head of the School of Nisibis
  • 517/26 — Ammonius the Neoplatonist dies
  • 521 — Jacob of Serugh dies
  • 527–565 — Reign of Justinian
  • 531–579 — Khosro I
  • 533–543 — Three Chapters Controversy
  • c.536 — Sergius of Rēš‘aynā dies
  • 542–c.549 — Junillus Africanus, Quaestor Sacri Palatii at Justinian's court
  • 540–552 — Catholicate of Mār Abā
  • 553 — Council of Constantinople (Fifth Ecumenical Council)
  • 569 — Terminus post quem for the Ecclesiastical History of Barḥadbĕšabbā
  • 571–c.610 — Ḥĕnānā, head of the School of Nisibis; period in which the Cause was composed (probably before 605)
  • c.571 — Monastery of Abraham of Kaškar founded
  • 590–628 — Khosro II
  • 596 — East-Syrian Synod under Catholicos Sabrīšō‘
  • 602 — Proem of the Statutes of the School of Nisibis
  • 605 — East-Syrian Synod under Catholicos Gregory I
  • 612 — East-Syrian Synod under Bābai the Great
  • 614/15 — Gabriel's Colophon
  • 628 or 630 — Bābai the Great dies
  • 637 — Fall of Seleucia-Ctesiphon to the Arabs
  • 659 — Catholicos Īšō‘yahb III dies
  • late C7 — Isaac of Nineveh, Dadīšō‘ Qaṭrāyā, Simeon d-Ṭaybūtēh
  • 823 — Timothy I dies
  • late C8 – mid C9 — Īšō‘dĕnaḥ of Basra, Book of chastity
  • C9 — Thomas of Margā, Book of Governors
  • 912–1020 — Chroncile of Siirt
<timeline>

ImageSize = width:320 height:700 PlotArea = right:40 top:10 left:40 bottom:10 DateFormat = yyyy TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse Period = from:300 till:1100 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:300 Colors =

id:canvas value:rgb(1,1,0.85) 

BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas PlotData =

width:15 color:red
bar:test from:300 till:489 # Edessan period

PlotData =

width:15 color:orange
bar:test from:489 till:637 # Sassanid period

PlotData =

width:15 color:yellow
bar:test from:637 till:1100 # Mediaeval period

PlotData =

bar:test at:306 mark:(line,white)
at:306 shift:(10,-1) text:c. 306 Ephrem born, Syriac golden age
bar:test at:363 mark:(line,white)
at:363 shift:(10,0) text:363 Justinian dies, Nisibis ceded to Persians and Ephrem moved to Edessa
bar:test at:373 mark:(line,white)
at:373 shift:(10,0) text:373 Ephrem dies
bar:test at:399 mark:(line,white)
at:399 shift:(10,0) text:399 Evagrius of Pontus dies
bar:test at:400 mark:(line,white)
at:400 shift:(10,0) text:c.400 Greek patristic literature begins to be translated into Syriac
bar:test at:431 mark:(line,white)
at:431 shift:(10,0) text:431 Nestorian schism of Aramaic Christians
bar:test at:435 mark:(line,white)
at:435 shift:(10,-9) text:c. 435 Peshitta Syriac Bible produced
bar:test at:637 mark:(line,white)
at:637 shift:(10,0) text:637 Arabic ascendancy
bar:test at:700 mark:(line,white)
at:700 shift:(10,0) text:700 Talmud completed

</timeline>