View source for Overweight

{{Short description|Above a weight considered healthy}}
{{About|the medical term|the stock market term|Overweight (stock market)}}{{For|being very overweight|Obesity}}
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{{Infobox medical condition (new) 
| name            = Overweight 
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| caption         = The overweight range according to the [[body mass index]] (BMI) is the area on the chart where BMI > 25.
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| field           = [[Endocrinology]]
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{{Human body weight}}

Being '''overweight'''{{Efn|The degree to which "fat" is pejorative in colloquial usage must be assessed.}} is having more [[Adipose tissue|body fat]] than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where [[dietary energy supply|food supplies]] are plentiful and [[sedentary lifestyle|lifestyles are sedentary]].

{{As of|2003}}, excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or [[obesity|obese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210035353/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en|archive-date=2011-12-10 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Obesity and overweight |access-date=2009-04-27 |year=2003}}</ref> In 2013, this increased to more than 2 billion.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8|issn=0140-6736| title = Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013| journal = [[The Lancet]]| date= 29 May 2014| last1 = Ng| first1 = M.| last2 = Fleming | first2 = T.| last3 = Robinson | first3 = M.| last4 = Thomson | first4 = B. | last5 = Graetz | first5 = N. | last6 = Margono | first6 = C.| last7 = Mullany | first7 = E. C. | last8 = Biryukov | first8 = S. | last9 = Abbafati | first9 = C. | last10 = Abera | first10 = S. F.| last11 = Abraham | first11 = J. P. | last12 = Abu-Rmeileh | first12 = N. M. E. | last13 = Achoki | first13 = T.| last14 = Albuhairan | first14 = F. S. | last15 = Alemu | first15 = Z. A. | last16 = Alfonso | first16 = R. | last17 = Ali | first17 = M. K.| last18 = Ali | first18 = R. | last19 = Guzman | first19 = N. A. | last20 = Ammar | first20 = W. | last21 = Anwari | first21 = P. | last22 = Banerjee | first22 = A. | last23 = Barquera | first23 = S. | last24 = Basu | first24 = S. | last25 = Bennett | first25 = D. A. | last26 = Bhutta | first26 = Z. | last27 = Blore | first27 = J. | last28 = Cabral | first28 = N. | last29 = Nonato | first29 = I. C. | last30 = Chang | first30 = J. C. |display-authors=6 | volume=384 | issue = 9945| pages=766–781 | pmid=24880830 | pmc=4624264}}</ref> Increases have been observed across all age groups.

A healthy body requires a minimum amount of [[fat]] for proper functioning of the [[hormone|hormonal]], [[reproductive system|reproductive]], and [[immune system|immune]] systems, as [[thermal insulation]], as [[shock absorber|shock absorption]] for sensitive areas, and as [[Lipid|energy]] for future use; however, the accumulation of too much storage fat can impair movement, flexibility, and alter the [[body shape|appearance of the body]]. Some people are naturally heavier and the [[body positivity]] movement has worked to reduce [[body shaming]] and improve [[self-confidence]] amongst heavierset people.

At a basic and fundamental level, the treatments called for are [[Dieting|diet]] and [[exercise]]. More extensive treatment may involve support groups like [[Overeaters Anonymous]] and [[mental health]] treatment. The degree to which treatment is necessary varies culturally and with a medical assessment of an unhealthy weight, treatment has been facilitated by new effective weightloss drugs like [[Zepbound]].

== Classification ==
{{See also|Body fat percentage}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align:center"
! Category<ref>{{cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43190/9241593024_eng.pdf |title=The SuRF Report 2 |series=The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF) |page=22 |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2005}}</ref>
! BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Underweight
| < 18.5
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Normal weight
| {{Nowrap|18.5–24.9}}
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Overweight
| 25.0–29.9
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Obese
| ≥ 30.0
|}
The degree to which a person is overweight is generally described by the [[body mass index]] (BMI). ''Overweight'' is defined as a BMI of 25 or more, thus it includes pre-obesity defined as a BMI between 25 and 29.9 and [[obesity]] as defined by a BMI of 30 or more.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO convention |place=Geneva |year=1999 |pmid=11234459 |volume=894 |pages=i–xii, 1–253 |journal=World Health Organization Technical Report Series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf |date=September 1998 |access-date=2009-04-27 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> Pre-obese and overweight however are often used interchangeably, thus giving overweight a common definition of a BMI of between 25 and 29.9.<!--
User:SimonTrew 2007 delete this link: No title. No information. Only available to subscribers. The URL is a search result. Generally unlikely ever to work again but leave here as jetsam in case anyone else wants to fix it <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=obesity/4467&selectedTitle=1~150&source=search_result#5 |title=UpToDate Inc. }}</ref> --> There are, however, several other common ways to measure the amount of adiposity or fat present in an individual's body.
*Body mass index
:The body mass index (BMI) is a measure of a person's weight taking into account their height.  It is given by the following formula: BMI equals a person's weight (mass) in kilograms divided by the square of the person's height in meters. The units therefore are kg/m<sup>2</sup> but BMI measures are typically used and written without units.

:BMI provides a significantly more accurate representation of body fat content than simply measuring a person's weight. It is only moderately correlated with both body fat percentage and body fat mass ([[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient|R<sup>2</sup>]] of 0.68).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of relative weight and Body Mass Index for the determination of adiposity |last1=Gray |first1=D. S. |last2=Fujioka |first2=K. J. |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Epidemiology]] |year=1991 |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |pmid=2037859 |doi=10.1016/0895-4356(91)90218-X}}</ref> It does not take into account certain factors such as pregnancy or bodybuilding; however, the BMI is an accurate reflection of fat percentage in the majority of the adult population.
*[[Body volume index]]
:The body volume index (BVI) was devised in 2000 as a computer, rather than manual, measurement of the human body for obesity and an alternative to the BMI

:BVI uses 3D software to create an accurate image of a person so BVI can differentiate between people with the same BMI rating, but who have a different shape and different weight distribution.
:BVI measures where a person's weight and the fat are located on the body, rather than total weight or total fat content and places emphasis on the weight carried around the abdomen, commonly known as [[central obesity]]. There has been an acceptance in recent years that abdominal fat and weight around the abdomen constitute a greater health risk.<ref>{{cite web |last=Craver |first=R. |date=10 September 2008 |url=http://www.wakehealth.edu/Gerontology-and-Geriatrics/Location,-not-volume,-of-fat-found-to-be-key.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515223636/http://www.wakehealth.edu/Gerontology-and-Geriatrics/Location,-not-volume,-of-fat-found-to-be-key.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2013 |title=Location, not volume, of fat found to be key |publisher=Journalnow.com |access-date=2008-10-09 }}</ref>
*[[weighing scale|Simple weighing]]
:A person's weight is measured and compared to an estimated ideal weight. This is the easiest and most common method, but by far the least accurate, as it only measures one quantity (weight) and often does not take into account many factors such as height, [[body type]], and relative amount of [[muscle]] mass.
*Skinfold [[caliper]]s or "pinch test"
:The skin at several specific points on the body is pinched and the thickness of the resulting fold is measured.  This measures the thickness of the layers of fat located under the skin, from which a general measurement of total amount of fat in the body is calculated.  This method can be reasonably accurate for many people, but it assumes particular fat distribution patterns over the body—which may not apply to all individuals, and does not account for fat deposits not directly under the skin.  Also, as the measurement and analysis generally involves a high degree of practice and interpretation, an accurate result requires that a professional perform it. It cannot generally be done by patients themselves.
*[[Bioelectrical impedance analysis]]
:A small electric current is passed through the body to measure its [[electrical resistance]]. As fat and muscle conduct electricity differently, this method can provide a direct measurement of the body fat percentage, in relation to muscle mass. In the past, this technique could only be performed reliably by trained professionals with specialized equipment, but it is now possible to buy home testing kits that let people do this themselves with a minimum of training.  Despite the improved simplicity of this process over the years, however, a number of factors can affect the results, including [[Fluid replacement|hydration]] and [[body temperature]], so it still needs some care when taking the test to ensure that the results are accurate.
*[[hydrostatic equilibrium|Hydrostatic]] weighing
:Considered one of the more accurate methods of measuring body fat, this technique involves complete submersion of a person in water, with special equipment to measure the person's weight while submerged. This weight is then compared with "dry weight" as recorded outside the water to determine overall body density. As fat is less dense than muscle, careful application of this technique can provide a reasonably close estimate of fat content in the body.  This technique does, however, require expensive specialized equipment and trained professionals to administer it properly.
*[[Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry]] (DEXA)
:Originally developed to measure bone density, DEXA imaging is also used to precisely determine body fat content by using the density of various body tissues to identify which portions of the body are fat. This test is generally considered very accurate, but requires a great deal of expensive medical equipment and trained professionals to perform.

The most common method for discussing this subject and the one used primarily by researchers and advisory institutions is BMI. Definitions of what is considered overweight vary by ethnicity. The current definition proposed by the US [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) designates whites, Hispanics and blacks with a BMI of 25 or more as overweight. For Asians, overweight is a BMI between 23 and 29.9 and obesity for all groups is a BMI of 30 or more.

BMI, however, does not account extremes of muscle mass, some rare [[genetics|genetic]] factors, the very young, and a few other individual variations.  Thus it is possible for an individual with a BMI of less than 25 to have excess body fat, while others may have a BMI that is significantly higher without falling into this category.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Dympna |last1=Gallagher |first2=S. B. |last2=Heymsfield |first3=M. |last3=Heo |first4=S. A. |last4=Jebb |first5=Y. |last5=Murgatroyd |first6=Y. |last6=Sakamoto |title=Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index |journal=[[The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]] |date=1 September 2000 |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=694–701 |pmid=10966886|doi=10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the above methods for determining body fat are more accurate than BMI but are less convenient to measure.

If an individual is overweight and has excess body fat it can create or lead to health risks. Reports are surfacing, however, that being mildly overweight to slightly obese&nbsp;– BMI being between 24 and 31.9&nbsp;– may be actually beneficial and that people with a BMI between 24 and 31.9 could actually live longer than normal weight or [[underweight]] persons.<ref>{{cite news|title=Healthiest weight just might be 'overweight' |publisher=Sciencenews |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/healthy-weight-bmi-overweight |access-date=May 11, 2016 |last=Landhuis |first=Esther}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/are-there-health-benefits-to-being-overweight-1460340290 |title=Are There Health Benefits to Being Overweight? |publisher=[[WSJ]] |website=wsj.com |access-date=October 24, 2017 |date=April 10, 2016 }}</ref>

== Health effects ==
While some negative health outcomes associated with obesity are accepted within the medical community, the health implications of the overweight category are more controversial.

A 2016 review estimated that the risk of death increases by seven percent among overweight people with a BMI of 25 to 27.5 and 20 percent among overweight people with a BMI of 27.5 to 30.<ref name=Lancet2016Mort>{{cite journal|title=Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents|journal=Lancet|date=13 July 2016|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1|pmid=27423262|pmc=4995441|volume=388|issue=10046|pages=776–86|last1=Di Angelantonio|first1=Emanuele|last2=Bhupathiraju|first2=Shilpa N.|last3=Wormser|first3=David|last4=Gao|first4=Pei|last5=Kaptoge|first5=Stephen|last6=De Gonzalez|first6=Amy Berrington|last7=Cairns|first7=Benjamin J.|last8=Huxley|first8=Rachel|last9=Jackson|first9=Chandra L.|last10=Joshy|first10=Grace|last11=Lewington|first11=Sarah|last12=Manson|first12=Joann E.|last13=Murphy|first13=Neil|last14=Patel|first14=Alpa V.|last15=Samet|first15=Jonathan M.|last16=Woodward|first16=Mark|last17=Zheng|first17=Wei|last18=Zhou|first18=Maigen|last19=Bansal|first19=Narinder|last20=Barricarte|first20=Aurelio|last21=Carter|first21=Brian|last22=Cerhan|first22=James R.|last23=Collins|first23=Rory|last24=Smith|first24=George Davey|last25=Fang|first25=Xianghua|last26=Franco|first26=Oscar H.|last27=Green|first27=Jane|last28=Halsey|first28=Jim|last29=Hildebrand|first29=Janet S.|last30=Jung|first30=Keum Ji|display-authors=29}}</ref> [[Katherine Flegal]] et al., however, found that the [[mortality rate]] for individuals who are classified as overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) may actually be lower than for those with an "ideal" weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9), noting that many studies show that the lowest mortality rate is at a BMI close to 25.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=K. M. |last1=Flegal |first2=B. I. |last2=Graubard |first3=D. F. |last3=Williamson |first4=M. H. |last4=Gail |title=Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |year=2005 |volume=293 |issue=15 |pages=1861–1867 |pmid=15840860 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.15.1861|doi-access= }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/health/07fat.html |title=Causes of Death Are Linked to a Person's Weight |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |first=Gina |last=Kolata |date=7 November 2007 |access-date=2009-04-27}}</ref> The specific conclusions appear to depend on what other factors are controlled for,<ref name=Lancet2016Mort /> and Flegal has accordingly alleged that the findings from the 2016 review are driven by bias toward preconceived opinions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flegal |first1=Katherine M. |title=The obesity wars and the education of a researcher: A personal account. |journal=Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases |date=2021 |volume=67|pages=75–79 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2021.06.009 |pmid=34139265 |s2cid=235470848 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Being overweight directly increases the risk of type-II diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Type 2 Diabetes - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Being overweight has been identified as a risk factor for [[cancer]], and [[Walter Willett]] predicts that being overweight will overtake [[smoking]] as the primary cause of cancer in [[developed country|developed countries]] as cases of smoking-related cancer dwindle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/health/080219-bad-fat.html |title=Scientists Agree: Obesity Causes Cancer |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |last=Wanjek |first=Christopher |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=2009-04-27}}</ref> Being overweight also increases the risk of [[oligospermia]] and [[azoospermia]] in men.<ref name=Sermondade>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sermondade | first1 = N. | last2 = Faure | first2 = C. | last3 = Fezeu | first3 = L. | last4 = Shayeb | first4 = A. G. | last5 = Bonde | first5 = J. P. | last6 = Jensen | first6 = T. K. | last7 = Van Wely | first7 = M. | last8 = Cao | first8 = J. | last9 = Martini | first9 = A. C. | display-authors = 3| doi = 10.1093/humupd/dms050 | title = BMI in relation to sperm count: An updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–231 | year = 2012 | pmid =  23242914| pmc =3621293 }}</ref><!--http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/221-->

Psychological well-being is also at risk in the overweight individual due to [[Social stigma of obesity|social discrimination]]. Additionally it has been found that people who are overweight are at an increased risk for developing [[Mental disorder|mental disorders]] such as [[panic disorder]], [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[bipolar disorder]] while those who are already suffering from a mental illness are also more likely to become overweight themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=How Excess Weight Impacts Our Mental and Emotional Health |url=https://www.ncoa.org/article/how-excess-weight-impacts-our-mental-and-emotional-health/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.ncoa.org |language=en}}</ref>

Being overweight has been shown not to increase mortality{{qualify evidence}}<!-- is this supported by secondary review sources? --> in older people: in a study of 70 to 75-year old Australians, mortality was lowest for "overweight" individuals (BMI 25 to 29.9),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flicker |first1=L. |last2=McCaul |first2=K. A. |last3=Hankey |first3=G. J. |last4=Jamrozik |first4=K. |last5=Brown |first5=W. J. |last6=Byles |first6=J. E. |last7=Almeida |first7=O. P. |display-authors=6 |title=Body mass index and survival in men and women aged 70 to 75 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=234–41 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20370857 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02677.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> while a study of Koreans found that, among those initially aged 65 or more, an increase in BMI to above 25 was not associated with increased risk of death.<ref><!--  ;355(8):. Epub 2006 Aug 22.-->{{cite journal|last1= Jee |first1= S. H. |last2= Sull |first2= J. W. |last3= Park |first3=J.  |last4= Lee |first4= S. Y. |last5= Ohrr |first5= H. |last6= Guallar |first6= E. |last7= Samet |first7= J. M. |title= Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women |journal= N Engl J Med |volume= 355 |issue= 8 |pages= 779–87 |date= 24 August 2006 |pmid= 16926276 |doi= 10.1056/NEJMoa054017 |doi-access=free  }}</ref>

== Causes ==
[[File:Overweight teenage boy (side).jpg|300px|thumb|Belly of overweight teenage male]]
Being overweight is generally caused by the intake of more [[calorie]]s (by eating) than are expended by the body (by exercise and everyday activity). Factors that may contribute to this imbalance include:

* [[Alcoholism]]
* [[Eating disorder]]s (such as [[binge eating disorder|binge eating]])
* [[Genetic predisposition]]
* [[Hormone|Hormonal]] imbalances (e.g. [[hypothyroidism]])
* Insufficient or [[Sleep and weight|poor-quality sleep]]
* Limited [[physical exercise]] and a [[sedentary lifestyle]]
* [[Malnutrition|Poor nutrition]]
* [[Metabolic disorder]]s, which could be caused by repeated attempts to lose weight by [[Yo-yo dieting|weight cycling]]
* [[Overeating]]
* [[Psychoactive drug|Psychotropic medication]] (e.g. [[olanzapine]])
* [[Smoking cessation]] and other [[stimulant]] withdrawal
* [[Stress (biology)|Stress]]

People who have [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|insulin dependent diabetes]] and chronically overdose insulin may gain weight, while people who already are overweight may develop insulin tolerance, and in the long run develop [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type II diabetes]].

== Treatment ==
{{See also|Management of obesity}}
The usual treatments for overweight individuals is [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and physical exercise.

Dietitians generally recommend eating several balanced meals dispersed through the day, with a combination of progressive, primarily aerobic, physical exercise. In fact, some research found benefits from physical activity, diet and behaviour changes on BMI in children from 12 to 17 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Khudairy|first1=Lena|last2=Loveman|first2=Emma|last3=Colquitt|first3=Jill L|last4=Mead|first4=Emma|last5=Johnson|first5=Rebecca E|last6=Fraser|first6=Hannah|last7=Olajide|first7=Joan|last8=Murphy|first8=Marie|last9=Velho|first9=Rochelle Marian|last10=O'Malley|first10=Claire|last11=Azevedo|first11=Liane B|date=2017-06-22|editor-last=Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group|title=Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en|volume=2017|issue=6|pages=CD012691|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012691|pmc=6481371|pmid=28639320}}</ref>

Considering that most of the treatment strategies are directed to change lifestyle-related behaviours of individuals (namely in dietary and [[physical activity]]), the [[transtheoretical model]] (TTM) has been used as a framework to design weight management interventions. A systematic review assessed the effectiveness of dietary and physical activity interventions based on the TTM in producing sustainable (one year or longer) [[weight loss]] in overweight and [[Obesity|obese]] adults. The included studies did not allow to produce conclusive evidence about the impact of the use of this model combined with these interventions on sustainable weight loss. Nevertheless, very low quality scientific evidence suggests that this approach may lead to improvements in physical activity and dietary habits, namely increased in both [[exercise]] duration and frequency, and fruits and vegetables consumption, along with reduced dietary fat intake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mastellos|first1=Nikolaos|last2=Gunn|first2=Laura H|last3=Felix|first3=Lambert M|last4=Car|first4=Josip|last5=Majeed|first5=Azeem|date=2014-02-05|editor-last=Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group|title=Transtheoretical model stages of change for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2014 |issue=2|pages=CD008066|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008066.pub3|pmid=24500864|pmc=10088065}}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimated that nearly 2 billion adults worldwide, aged 18 years and older, were overweight in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obesity and overweight |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), an estimated 71.6% of the United States' adult population aged 20 and over is considered either overweight or obese, and this percentage has increased over the last four decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obesity and Overweight |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

According to the World Obesity Federation's 2023 atlas, it predicts that 51% of the world will be overweight or obese by 2035. The report also found that most countries expecting to see a large increase in obesity are predominantly low or middle-income countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=How Excess Weight Impacts Our Mental and Emotional Health |url=https://www.ncoa.org/article/how-excess-weight-impacts-our-mental-and-emotional-health/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.ncoa.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Denis |last2=editor |first2=Denis Campbell Health policy |date=2023-03-02 |title=More than half of humans on track to be overweight or obese by 2035 – report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/mar/02/more-than-half-of-humans-on-track-to-be-overweight-or-obese-by-2035-report |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Body image]]
* [[Underweight]]
* [[Canadian Obesity Network]]
* [[Fat acceptance movement]]
* [[Physical attractiveness]]
* [[Big Beautiful Woman]] (BBW)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB      = 
| ICD10           = {{ICD10|E|66||e|9}}
| ICD9            = {{ICD9|278.02}}
| ICDO            = 
| OMIM            = 
| MedlinePlus     = 003101
| eMedicineSubj   = 
| eMedicineTopic  = 
| MeshID          = D050177
| ICD10CM         = {{ICD10CM|E66.3}}
}}
{{Commons category|Overweight}}

* [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ WHO fact sheet on obesity and overweight]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208193319/http://www.epidemiologic.org/2006/10/obesity-epidemic-us-temporal-trends.html |date=December 8, 2006 |title=Obesity Epidemic: U.S. Temporal Trends 1985–2004 }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629175048/http://www.epidemiologic.org/2007/02/most-overweight-countries-in-world.html |date=June 29, 2007 |title=Ranking of Most Overweight Countries in the World 2005 }}

{{Obesity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Human body weight]]