View source for Islam in the United Kingdom

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{{About|Islam in the [[United Kingdom]] as a whole|Islam in each of its constituent countries|Islam in England|and|Islam in Scotland|and|Islam in Wales|and|Islam in Northern Ireland}}
{{Redirect|British Muslim|the satellite television channel|British Muslim TV|the list of notable British Muslims|List of British Muslims}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group         = Islam in the United Kingdom
| flag          = Allah-green.svg
| flag_caption  =
| flag_size     = 25px
| image         = Suffa Tul Islam Central Mosque, Horton Park Avenue, Bradford (6928840425).jpg
| image_caption = The [[Bradford Grand Mosque]] is the largest [[mosque]] by capacity in the [[United Kingdom]], and the largest in [[Yorkshire and the Humber]].
| image_size  = 250px
| population    = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''United Kingdom: 3,998,875 – 6.0% ([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])'''<br/>{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Islam in England|England]]: 3,801,186 – 6.7% (2021)<ref name=2021_censusE&W>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|title=Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021
|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><br>{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Islam in Scotland|Scotland]]: 119,872 – 2.2% (2022)<ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Religion'</ref><br/>{{Flagicon|WAL}} [[Islam in Wales|Wales]]: 66,947 – 2.2% (2021)<ref name=2021_censusE&W/><br/>[[Islam in Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]: 10,870 – 0.6% (2021)<ref name=NICensus2021>{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx|title=MS-B21: Religion|publisher=[[Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency]]|date= 22 September 2022|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| founder       =
| regions       =
| tablehdr      =
| region1       = [[Greater London]]
| pop1          = 1,318,754 – 15.0%<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030|access-date=29 November 2022|publisher=Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics|website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
| ref1          =
| region2       = [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| pop2          = 569,963 – 9.6%
| ref2          =
| region3       = [[North West England]]
| pop3          = 563,105 – 7.6%
| ref3          =
| region4       = [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
| pop4          = 442,533 – 8.1%
| ref4          =
| religions     = Majority [[Sunni Islam]] with sizeable [[Shia Islam|Shia]] minorities
| scriptures    =
| languages     = [[British English|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census: Quick Statistics|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>
| related-c     =
| website       =
| notes         =
}}
{{Islam in Europe by country}}
{{Islam by country}}
[[Islam]] is the second-largest [[religion in the United Kingdom|religion]] in the [[United Kingdom]], with results from the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 Census]] recording just under four million Muslims, or 6.0% of the total population in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion (detailed) - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS031/editions/2021/versions/1 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> [[London]] has the largest population and greatest proportion (15%) of Muslims in the country.<ref name="EW Census 2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 270Kb)|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=7 July 2014|format=xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035854/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls|archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Scot Census 2011">{{cite web|title=Scotland's Census 2011 – National Records of Scotland Table KS209SCa – Religion (UK harmonised)|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf|publisher=National Records of Scotland|access-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110172330/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="NI Census 2011">{{cite web|title=Religion – Full Detail: QS218NI|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=7 July 2014|format=xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173315/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The vast majority of [[British people|British]] Muslims in the United Kingdom adhere to [[Sunni Islam]],<ref>[http://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf UK Masjid Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911022954/http://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf |date=11 September 2010 }} Muslims In Britain (18 August 2010)</ref> while smaller numbers are associated with [[Shia Islam]].

During the [[Middle Ages]], there was some general cultural exchange between [[Christendom]] and the [[Islamic world]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=February 1957 |title=The Muslim Discovery of Europe |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/muslim-discovery-of-europe1/0991A7A01233FFEEBF5E1CDF3290FB01 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=409–416 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00061954 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nonetheless, there were no Muslims in the [[British Isles]]; however, a few [[Crusaders]] did convert in the East, such as [[Robert of St. Albans]]. During the [[Elizabethan age]], contacts became more explicit as the [[Tudors]] made alliances against Catholic [[Habsburg Spain]], including with the [[Ottoman Empire]]. As the [[British Empire]] grew, particularly [[British Raj|in India]], Britain came to rule territories with many Muslim inhabitants; some of these, known as the ''[[lascar]]s'', are known to have settled in Britain from the mid-18th century onwards. In the 19th century, Victorian [[Orientalism]] spurred an interest in Islam and some British people, including aristocrats, converted to Islam. [[Marmaduke Pickthall]], an English writer and novelist, and a convert to Islam, provided the first complete English-language translation of the [[Qur'an]] by a British Muslim in 1930. Under the [[British Indian Army]], a significant number of Muslims fought for the United Kingdom during the [[World War I|First]] and the [[World War II|Second World Wars]] (a [[List of Victoria Cross recipients of the Indian Army|number of whom]] were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], Britain's highest honour). In the decades following the latter conflict and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, many Muslims (from what is today [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladesh]], [[British Indians|India]] and [[British Pakistanis|Pakistan]]) settled in Britain itself.

Today, [[South Asia]]ns constitute the majority of Muslims in Britain in terms of ethnicity,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=Alison|title=Review of ''Crime and Muslim Britain: Culture and the Politics of Criminology among British Pakistanis'' by Marta Bolognani|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=22|issue=2|pages=288–291|date=4 April 2011|publisher=Oxford Journals|doi=10.1093/jis/etr020}}</ref><ref>Muslims in Britain: an Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.xvii + 318, {{ISBN|978-0-521-83006-5}}</ref> although there are significant [[British Turks|Turkish]], [[British Arabs|Arab]] and [[British Somalis|Somali]] communities, as well as up to 100,000 British converts of multiple ethnic backgrounds.<ref name=Nye>{{Cite news|last=Nye|first=Catrin|date=4 January 2011|title=The white Britons converting to Islam|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12075931|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> Islam is the second most widely practiced religion in the United Kingdom, with its followers having the youngest average age among major religious groups.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/may/16/uk-census-religion-age-ethnicity-country-of-birth 'UK Census: religion by age, ethnicity and country of birth'] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130828235237/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/may/16/uk-census-religion-age-ethnicity-country-of-birth |date=28 August 2013 }} 16 May 2013, Ami Sedghi, ''The Guardian''</ref> Between 2001 and 2009, the Muslim population increased almost 10 times faster than the non-Muslim population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121541/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5621482.ece Muslim population 'rising 10 times faster than rest of society'] 30 January 2009, [[Richard Kerbaj]], ''The Sunday Times''</ref> Reports suggest each year, approximately 6000 Britons, primarily women, choose to convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Nye />

==History==
===Early history===
{{Main|List of Arabic loanwords in English|Islam in England}}
[[File:Offa king of Mercia 757 793 gold dinar copy of dinar of the Abassid Caliphate 774.jpg|thumb|A [[mancus]]/gold [[dinar]] of king [[Offa of Mercia|Offa]], copied from the dinars of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (774). It includes the Arabic text "Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah", a line from the [[Shahada]].]]

The earliest evidence of Islamic influence in England dates to the 8th century, when [[Offa of Mercia|Offa]], the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] king of [[Mercia]], minted a coin with an Arabic inscription, largely a copy of coins issued by a contemporary Abbasid ruler, [[Caliph]] [[Al-Mansur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Offa Dinar|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1093298&partId=1|website=British Museum|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805060856/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1093298&partId=1|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> In the 16th century, Muslims from North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia were present in London, working in a range of roles, from diplomats and translators to merchants and musicians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35843991|title=The First Muslims in England|author-link1=Jerry Brotton|first=Jerry|last=Brotton|work=BBC News|date=21 March 2016|access-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321013653/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35843991|archive-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1627, the [[Salé Rovers]], from the [[Republic of Salé]] (in modern-day [[Morocco]]) occupied the English island of [[Lundy]] for five years. These [[Barbary corsairs|Barbary pirates]], under the command of the Dutch Muslim [[Jan Janszoon]], flew an [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] flag over the island. Slaving raids were made embarking from Lundy by the Barbary pirates, and captured Europeans were held on Lundy before being sent to [[Algiers]] to be sold as slaves.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0340895092 |title=White Gold: The Forgotten Story of North Africa's One Million European Slaves |author=Giles Milton |year=2005 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pirates who got away with it |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1449736.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302095231/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1449736.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=25 November 2007 |publisher=The Times Online |location=London |work=[[The Times]] |date=28 February 2007 |first=Simon |last=de Bruxelles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Piracy: the complete history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA91|publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1846032400 |last=Konstam |first=Angus |year=2008 |page=91 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Europe: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&pg=PA561|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198201717 |last=Davies |first=Norman |year=1996 |page=561}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Corbett | first1=Theodore | title=A Maritime History of the American Revolutionary War: An Atlantic-Wide Conflict over Independence and Empire | date=30 June 2023 | publisher=Pen and Sword Maritime | isbn=978-1-3990-4043-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEK8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Jan+Janszoon,+flew+an+Ottoman+flag+over+Lundy&pg=RA1-PT133 }}</ref>

===Interactions under British Empire===
{{Main|Company rule in India|British Raj}}
[[File:I'tisam-ud-Din.png|thumb|Bengali Muslim diplomat [[I'tisam-ud-Din]] was the first educated South Asian to have travelled to the United Kingdom in 1765.]]
[[File:33rd Punjabis (15 Punjab) (PMs) 1910.jpg|thumb|right|[[Punjabi Muslims]] of the [[33rd Punjabis]], British Indian Army]]
[[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] was [[Company rule in India|annexed]] by the [[East India Company]] from the quasi-independent [[Nawabs of Bengal]] following the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. The manufactured goods produced in Bengal directly contributed to the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain,<ref name="tong">{{cite book |author=Junie T. Tong |year=2016 |title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |publisher=CRC Press |page=151 |isbn=978-1-317-13522-7}}</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite book |editor1=John L. Esposito |editor1-link=John L. Esposito |year=2004 |title=The Islamic World: Past and Present |volume=1: Abba - Hist. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=174 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3}}</ref><ref name="ray">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref><ref>Shombit Sengupta, [http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801120317/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ |date=1 August 2017 }}, ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', 8 February 2010</ref> with the textiles produced in Bengal being used to support British industries such as [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile manufacturing]], aided by the invention of devices such as the [[spinning jenny]].<ref name="tong"/><ref name="esposito"/><ref name="ray"/> With the establishment of [[British Raj|Crown control in India]] after [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]], the [[British Empire]] came to rule over a large Muslim population.<ref name="motadel">David Motadel (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=u0RYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 ''Islam and the European Empires'', page 267], [[Oxford University Press]]</ref><ref name="robinson">[[Francis Robinson]] (2001), [https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-british-empire-and-the-muslim-world(d3ea8d76-c7d4-47d9-b56b-23baafdbb13e).html The British Empire and the Muslim world] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801032559/https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-british-empire-and-the-muslim-world(d3ea8d76-c7d4-47d9-b56b-23baafdbb13e).html |date=1 August 2017 }}, ''[[The Oxford History of the British Empire]]'', volume 4, pages 398-420, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref><ref name="britannica">{{cite EB1911 |first=Flora Louise |last=Lugard |wstitle=British Empire |chapter=Justice, &c.|page=615}}</ref> The first educated South Asian to travel to Europe and live in Britain was [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a [[Bengali Muslim]] cleric, [[munshi]] and diplomat to the [[Mughal Empire]] who arrived in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim during the reign of King [[George III]].<ref name=buckland>C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</ref> He wrote of his experiences and travels in his [[Farsi|Persian]] book, {{transliteration|fa|Shigurf-nama-i-Wilayat}} (or 'Wonder Book of Europe').<ref>{{cite news|title=For casual reader and connoisseur alike|last=Alam|first=Shahid|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 May 2012|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-233759}}</ref>

In South Asia, specifically, the British ruled over one of the largest Muslim populations in the world.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Upon coming into contact with such a population, the British authorities forged a uniquely Muslim identity for the local believers. This was, in part, due to the way British historians periodised South Asian history into an "ancient" Hindu one and a "medieval" Muslim one. Under the system, the [[Colonial India|colonial period]] was classified as "modern".<ref name="Ali 382–407">{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Daud|date=3 July 2014|title=The idea of the medieval in the writing of South Asian history: contexts, methods and politics|journal=Social History|volume=39|issue=3|pages=382–407|doi=10.1080/03071022.2014.942521|s2cid=143855459|issn=0307-1022|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3374590}}</ref> Debate rages on concerning the utility and legitimacy of these labels themselves. Problems with these labels range from the connotations coupled with the word 'medieval' to the implications related to labelling the colonial era as "modern". The term ''medieval'' itself is quite controversial. Historians writing in journals relating to the time period have asked whether the term is a "tyrannous construct" or an "alien conceptual hegemony".<ref name="Ali 382–407"/> This is because the label was originally developed during the study of European history to mark the period in between the fall of the Roman Empire and the fall of [[Constantinople]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Such classifications done by British historians throughout their long period of rule paved the way for a more cohesive Muslim identity. In the eighteenth century, this seemed unlikely. Muslims who hailed from Afghan, Turk, Persian, or Arab roots did not find their Muslim identities especially salient. Mughal courts divided not into Hindu or Muslim factions but Persian and Turkish ones. Converts to the religion outside of courtly life, the majority of the Muslim population in the Subcontinent, too were more focused on their regional and lingual cultural identities-whether that be Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi, or Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Francis|date=December 1998|title=The British Empire and Muslim Identity in South Asia|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|volume=8|pages=271–289|doi=10.2307/3679298|issn=0080-4401|jstor=3679298|s2cid=154772583 }}</ref>

The first group of Muslims to come to Great Britain in significant numbers, in the 18th century, were [[lascar]]s (sailors) recruited from the [[Indian subcontinent]], largely from the Bengal region, to work for the East India Company on British ships, some of whom settled down and took local wives.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counterflows to Colonialism|first=Michael Herbert|last=Fisher|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-7824-154-4|pages=111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 181}}</ref> Due to the majority being lascars, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] of [[Assam|British Bengal]] (now in Bangladesh). One of the most famous early Asian immigrants to England was the [[Bengali Muslim]] entrepreneur [[Sake Dean Mahomet]], a captain of the East India Company who in 1810 founded London's first [[Indian restaurant]], the [[Hindoostanee Coffee House]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Curry house founder is honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=5 July 2014|date=29 September 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns.<ref name="Fisher2004">{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H. |title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC|year=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8|pages=140, 154–6, 160–8, 172}}</ref> By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain.<ref name="Ansari">{{cite book |first=Humayun|last=Ansari|title=The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=1-85065-685-1|page=35}}</ref> Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year,<ref name="Fisher2004"/> which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|first=Diane|last=Robinson-Dunn|title=Lascar Sailors and English Converts: The Imperial Port and Islam in late 19th-Century England|publisher=Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges|date=February 2003|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/dunn.html|access-date=13 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802143210/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/dunn.html|archive-date=2 August 2012}}</ref><ref name = behal>{{cite book |editor-last1=Behal |editor-first1=Rana P. |editor-last2=van der Linden |editor-first2=Marcel |year=2006 |title=Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy67XQk5cukC&pg=PA114 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=114 |isbn=978-0-521-69974-7}}</ref> A prominent English convert of the 19th century was [[Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley]], who became a Muslim in 1862. Although not a convert himself, the Victorian Age adventurer, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] visited Mecca in disguise, documented in ''[[The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night]]''. At the beginning of [[World War I]], there were 51,616 South Asian lascars working on British ships, the majority of whom were of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present|first=Humayun|last=Ansari|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=1-85065-685-1|page=37}}</ref> In 1932, the [[Indian National Congress]] survey of 'all Indians outside India' (which included modern Pakistani and Bangladeshi territories) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians living in the United Kingdom.

By 1911, the British Empire had a Muslim population of 94 million, larger than the empire's 58 million Christian population.<ref name="britannica"/> By the 1920s, the British Empire included roughly half of the world's Muslim population.<ref name="robinson"/> More than 400,000 Muslim soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]] fought for Britain during [[World War I]], where 62,060 were killed in action.<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/forgotten-army-400000-muslim-soldiers-9589884 The 'forgotten' army of 400,000 Muslim soldiers who fought for British freedom in World War I] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319093714/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/forgotten-army-400000-muslim-soldiers-9589884 |date=19 March 2018 }}, ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', 9 January 2017</ref> Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army later fought for Britain against the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] in [[World War II]],<ref>[[Ziauddin Sardar]] (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=38OHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 ''Critical Muslim 2: The Idea of Islam'', page 131], [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> where Muslim soldiers accounted for up to 40%<ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-muslims-won-the-secon_b_5202541|title=How Muslims Won the Second World War|first1=Azeem|last1=Ibrahim|date=24 April 2014|website=HuffPost}}</ref> of the 2.5 million troops serving the British Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA361|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas M.|last=Leonard|date=8 August 2005|publisher=Psychology Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9781579583880}}</ref> [[David Lloyd George]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] from 1916 to 1922, stated: "we are the greatest [[Mahomedan]] power in the world and one-fourth of the population of the British Empire is Mahomedan. There have been no more loyal adherents to the throne and no more effective and loyal supporters of the Empire in its hour of trial." This statement was later reiterated by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] in 1920.<ref name="motadel"/> [[Winston Churchill]] also stated in 1942: "We must not on any account break with the Moslems, who represent a hundred million people, and the main army elements on which we must rely for the immediate fighting."<ref name="huffpost"/>

[[File:Marmaduke Pickthall Portrait.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marmaduke Pickthall]] authored an English language translation of the Qur'an in 1930.]]

The [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking|Shah Jahan Mosque]] in [[Woking]] was the first purpose-built mosque in Britain, and was built in 1889. In the same year, [[Abdullah Quilliam]] installed a mosque in a terrace in [[Liverpool]], which became the [[Liverpool Muslim Institute]].<ref name="BBC_Quilliam_firstUKmosque" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/liverpool-mosque-and-muslim-institute|publisher=Open University|access-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519093128/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/liverpool-mosque-and-muslim-institute|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> The first mosque in London was the [[Fazl Mosque, London|Fazl Mosque]], established in 1924, commonly called the London mosque.

Quran translators [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] and [[Marmaduke Pickthall]], who authored ''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]: An Explanatory Translation'' in 1930, were both trustees of the Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking and the [[East London Mosque]].<ref>Khizar Humayun Ansari, 'Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1872–1953)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Oct 2012; online edn, Jan 2013 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/95416, accessed 6 February 2020]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastlondonmosque.org.uk/history |title=East London Mosque - London Muslim Centre |work=East London Mosque|date=12 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

Other aristocratic British converts included [[Sir Archibald Hamilton, 5th Baronet]], [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley]], [[St John Philby]] and [[Zainab Cobbold]] (the first Muslim woman born in Britain to perform the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]).

===Immigration and post-World War II===
[[File:Muslims in Britain- Eid Ul Fitr Celebrations, 1941 D5142.jpg|thumb|Muslims during an [[Eid al-Fitr]] feast at the [[East London Mosque]] in 1941]]
Large-scale immigration of Muslims to Britain began after [[World War II]], as a result of the destruction and labour shortages caused by the war.<ref name="barbera">MariaCaterina La Barbera (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=q_yWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 ''Identity and Migration in Europe: Multidisciplinary Perspectives'', page 230], [[Springer Science+Business Media]]</ref><ref>Richard D. Hecht, Vincent F. Biondo (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ivnWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA859 ''Religion and Everyday Life and Culture'', page 859], [[ABC-CLIO]]</ref> Muslim migrants from former British colonies, predominantly India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh,<ref name="barbera"/> were recruited in large numbers by government and businesses to rebuild the country.<ref>[https://cla.umn.edu/ihrc/news-events/other/muslim-migration-europe Muslim Migration to Europe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092902/https://cla.umn.edu/ihrc/news-events/other/muslim-migration-europe |date=1 July 2017 }}, [[University of Minnesota]], 17 June 2015</ref> Large numbers of doctors recruited from India and Pakistan also played a role in the establishment of the [[National Health Service]] (NHS).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/jun/18/nhs60.nhs2 How migrants helped make the NHS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529154730/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/jun/18/nhs60.nhs2 |date=29 May 2014 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 June 2008</ref>

[[British Asians]] (both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination following Powell's [[Rivers of Blood speech|"Rivers of Blood" speech]] and the establishment of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (NF) in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of "[[Paki (slur)#United Kingdom|Paki bashing]]", predominantly from [[white power skinhead]]s, the National Front, and the [[British National Party]] (BNP), throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=GRPsAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 ''Young British Muslims''], [[Edinburgh University Press]]</ref> Drawing inspiration from the [[civil rights movement]], the [[black power]] movement, and the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] movement, young [[British Pakistani]] and [[British Bangladeshi]] activists began a number of [[Anti-racism|anti-racist]] Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of [[Altab Ali]] in 1978, and the [[Newham Monitoring Project|Newham Youth Movement]] following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.<ref>Timothy Peace (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JFMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 ''European Social Movements and Muslim Activism: Another World but with Whom?'', page 55], [[Springer Science+Business Media]]</ref>

The majority of mosques founded after World War II in Britain are reflective of the major strands of Sunni Islam predominating in the Indian subcontinent; namely [[Deobandi]] and [[Barelvi]] (the latter of which is more [[Sufi]]-orientated). There are also a smaller number of [[Salafi]]-oriented mosques, inspired by [[Abul A'la Maududi]] and {{transliteration|ar|[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]]}}, are representative of the Arab mainstream or are associated with the UK Turkish Islamic Trust. In addition to this there are [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shīʿa]] Mosques. The [[Murabitun World Movement]] founded by [[Abdalqadir as-Sufi]] (born Ian Dallas) in 1968 is a branch of the Sufi [[Darqawi]]-[[Shadhili]]-[[Qadiri]] [[tariqa]] which was run out of [[Kirkhill, Highland|Achnagairn]] in the [[Scottish Highlands]].

[[Martin Lings]], an English Muslim scholar, published a biography of Muhammad in 1983 entitled ''[[Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources]]''. The publication of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' in 1988 caused [[The Satanic Verses controversy|major controversy]]. A number of Muslims in Britain condemned the book for [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]]. On 2 December 1988, the book was [[Book burning|publicly burned]] at a demonstration in [[Bolton]] attended by 7,000 Muslims, followed by a similar demonstration and book-burning in [[Bradford]] on 14 January 1989.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lustig|first1=Robin|last2=Bailey|first2=Martin|last3=de Bruxelles|first3=Simon|last4=Mather|first4=Ian|title=War of the Word|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1989/feb/19/race.world|access-date=7 July 2014|work=The Observer|date=19 February 1989|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008235518/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1989/feb/19/race.world|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Recently, several wars in the [[Balkans]], Middle East and North Africa have led to many Muslims migrating to the United Kingdom. In 1992, with the outbreak of the [[Bosnian War]], a large number of Bosniaks who fled the ethnic cleansing and genocide ended up settling in Britain. Their numbers currently exist at between 10,000 and 15,000 including their descendants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Bosnian Community {{!}} Bosnian Genocide Educational Trust |url=https://www.bget-uk.org/bosniancommunity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117105529/https://www.bget-uk.org/bosniancommunity |archive-date=January 17, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=BGET}}</ref> Just over three years later, an [[Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)|insurgency in Kosovo]] beginning in 1995, eventually evolving into the [[Kosovo War]] in 1998, would see 29,000 [[Kosovo Albanians]] flee their homes and settle in Britain. It is commonly believed that many Albanians from Albania moved to the United Kingdom at this time, posing as refugees from Kosovo, in search of a better life in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2fpopulationandmigration%2finternationalmigration%2fdatasets%2fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality%2fjanuary2019todecember2019/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan19todec1919052020143312.xls}}</ref>

A mere decade later, the [[Arab Spring]] (and later [[Arab Winter]]) brought a wave of Muslim refugees fleeing [[Syrian civil war|civil war in Syria]], [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|war in Iraq]], [[Libyan Crisis (2011–present)|two wars in Libya]], [[Yemen war (disambiguation)|war in Yemen]] and countless other insurgencies by political groups and other terrorist organisations which exerted control over vast swathes of territory in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-13 |title=Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034 |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=BBC News }}</ref> Britain took on 20,000 refugees from Syria<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UK's Syria Resettlement Progamme: Looking Back, and Ahead |url=https://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/announcements/uks-syria-resettlement-progamme-looking-back-and-ahead |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=UNHCR UK }}</ref> and 11,647 from Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK accused of 'washing its hands' of Iraqi refugees |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/iraq-war-iraqi-refugees-uk-asylum-rejected/}}</ref>

The growing number of Muslims resulted in the establishment of more than 1,500 mosques by 2007.<ref>Dominic Casciani (29 November 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7118503.stm The battle over mosque reform] BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 3 May 2009.</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title       = Muslim Population of the United Kingdom
|type        = 
|footnote    = Religious Affiliation was not recorded in the census prior to 2001.
|align       =
|width       = 
|state       = 
|shading     = 
|pop_name    =
|percentages = 
|source      =
|[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]|1,591,126
|[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]|2,786,635
|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]|3,998,875}}
[[File:Muslims in the United Kingdom, 2021 UK census.png|thumb|Distribution of British Muslims by local authority, 2021 census]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+ Muslims in the United Kingdom by region and country
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Regions of England|Region]] / [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]] 
! colspan="2" |[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]{{refn|2021/22: England and Wales,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030|access-date=2022-11-29|website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref> Northern Ireland,<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=MS-B21: Religion - full detail |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.}}</ref> and Scotland<ref>[https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/#contents "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion"]. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.</ref>}}
! colspan="2" |[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]{{refn|2011: England and Wales,<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref> Northern Ireland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies) |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011 |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225122750/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ni2011">{{cite web|title=Census 2011: Religion - Full Detail: QS218NI - Northern Ireland|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|publisher=nisra.gov.uk|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173315/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and Scotland<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2011: Table KS209SCa |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf |publisher=scotlandcensus.gov.uk |access-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110172330/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
! colspan="2" |[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]{{refn|2001: England and Wales,<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref> Northern Ireland<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2001: Religion (administrative geographies) |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=135&themeName=Census%202001 |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225121003/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=135&themeName=Census%202001 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html |title=Table KS07c: Religion (full list with 10 or more persons) |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225191541/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Scotland<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary: Religious Group Demographics|date=20 June 2008 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig|publisher=scotland.gov.uk|access-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071712/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig|archive-date=22 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|'''{{flagicon|England}} [[Religion in England|England]]'''
| '''3,801,186'''
| '''6.7%'''
| '''2,660,116'''
| '''5.0%'''
| '''1,524,887'''
| '''3.1%'''
|-
| —[[Greater London]]
| 1,318,754
| 15.0%
| 1,012,823
| 12.4%
| 607,083
| 8.5%
|-
| —[[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| 569,963
| 9.6%
| 376,152
| 6.7%
| 216,184
| 4.1%
|-
| —[[North West England|North West]]
| 563,105
| 7.6%
| 356,458
| 5.1%
| 204,261
| 3.0%
|-
| —[[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
| 442,533
| 8.1%
| 326,050
| 6.2%
| 189,089
| 3.8%
|-
| —[[South East England|South East]]
| 309,067
| 3.3%
| 201,651
| 2.3%
| 108,725
| 1.4%
|-
| —[[East of England|East]]
| 234,744
| 3.3%
| 148,341
| 2.5%
| 78,931
| 1.5%
|-
| —[[East Midlands]]
| 210,766
| 4.3%
| 140,649
| 3.1%
| 70,224
| 1.7%
|-
| —[[South West England|South West]]
| 80,152
| 1.4%
| 51,228
| 1.0%
| 23,465
| 0.5%
|-
| —[[North East England|North East]]
| 72,102
| 2.7%
| 46,764
| 1.8%
| 26,925
| 1.1%
|-
|'''{{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Religion in Scotland|Scotland]]'''
| '''119,872'''{{efn|name=Census2021/22|Scotland held [[2021 United Kingdom census#2022 census for Scotland|its census a year later]] after the rest of the United Kingdom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, data shown is for 2022 as opposed to 2021.}}
| '''2.2%'''
| '''76,737'''
| '''1.4%'''
| '''42,557'''
| '''0.8%'''
|-
|'''{{flagicon|Wales}} [[Religion in Wales|Wales]]'''
| '''66,947'''
| '''2.2%'''
| '''45,950'''
| '''1.5%'''
| '''21,739'''
| '''0.7%'''
|-
| '''[[Religion in Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]'''
| '''10,870'''
| '''0.6%'''
| '''3,832'''
| '''0.2%'''
| '''1,943'''
| '''0.1%'''
|-
!'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''
! '''3,998,875'''
! '''6.0%'''
! '''2,786,635'''
! '''4.4%'''
! '''1,591,126'''
! '''2.7%'''
|}

{{Historical populations
|title= Muslim population of England and Wales
|1961 | 50,000<ref name=BRIN/>
|1971 |226,000<ref name=BRIN/>
|1981 |553,000<ref name=BRIN/>
|1991 |950,000<ref name=BRIN/>
|2001 |1,600,000<ref name=BRIN/>
|2011 |2,706,066<ref name=2011census>{{cite news |title=Datablog: UK Census: religion by age, ethnicity and country of birth|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/may/16/uk-census-religion-age-ethnicity-country-of-birth|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=5 July 2014|date=16 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130828235237/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/may/16/uk-census-religion-age-ethnicity-country-of-birth|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>
|2021 |3,868,133<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |title=Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics}}</ref>}}
[[File:Muslim population pyramid in 2021 in England and Wales.svg|thumb|Muslim population pyramid in 2021 in England and Wales]]
[[File:British Muslims by Ethnic Group.png|thumb|Ethnic composition of British Muslims, 2021 census<ref name="RM031_21">{{cite web |title=RM031: Ethnic group by religion |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/24813f2b-1853-4d45-a2cf-ec5124ffc082#get-data |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>]]
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Year of arrival (2021 census, England and Wales)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion and year of arrival in the UK|publisher = Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/1bb3987f-0160-4508-9176-3be3c03bf142#get-data |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>|label1=Born in the UK|value1=51.0|color1=DodgerBlue|
label2=Before 1971|value2=2.2|color2=Gray|
label3=1971 to 1980|value3=3.2|color3=Green|
label4=1981 to 1990|value4=4.0|color4=DarkOrange|
label5=1991 to 2000|value5=7.4|color5=DarkKhaki|
label6=2001 to 2010|value6=13.3|color6=Khaki|
label7=2011 to 2021|value7=18.9|color7=Gold|}}

According to the [[2021 United Kingdom census]], Muslims in England and Wales numbered 3,868,133, or 6.5% of the population.<ref name=2021census>{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> Northern Ireland recorded a population of 10,870, or 0.6% of the population, with the highest number of Muslims recorded in [[Belfast]] at 5,487, or 1.59% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=MS-B20 Religion - intermediate detail |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b20.xlsx |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref> The equivalent census was conducted a year later in Scotland and recorded a population of 119,872, or 2.2% of the population. In Scotland, [[Glasgow]] recorded the highest number of Muslims at 48,766, or 7.86% of the population.<ref name="Religion_22">{{cite web |title=Council Area 2019 by Religion by Individuals |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1 |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=24 May 2024}} Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion > Religion UV205</ref> The top 25 local authorities in the United Kingdom with the highest percentage of Muslims based on the 2021 census were:<ref>{{cite web |title=TS030 - Religion |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |publisher=Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ Top 25 local authorities (2021 Census)
|-
! Local authority !! Population !! Per cent
|-
| [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]] || 123,912 || 39.93%
|-
| [[Blackburn with Darwen]] || 54,146 || 34.99%
|-
| [[London Borough of Newham]] || 122,146 || 34.80%
|-
| [[Luton]] || 74,191 || 32.94%
|-
| [[London Borough of Redbridge]] || 97,068 || 31.29%
|-
| [[City of Bradford]] || 166,846 || 30.53%
|-
| [[Birmingham]] || 341,811 || 29.85%
|-
| [[Borough of Slough|Slough]] || 46,661 || 29.44%
|-
| [[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]] || 24,900 || 26.00%
|-
| [[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham]] || 59,031 || 24.38%
|-
| [[Leicester]] || 86,443 || 23.45%
|-
| [[Manchester]] || 122,962 || 22.28%
|-
| [[London Borough of Waltham Forest]] || 60,157 || 21.61%
|-
| [[London Borough of Brent]] || 72,574 || 21.36%
|-
| [[City of Westminster]] || 40,873 || 20.01%
|-
| [[Bolton]] || 58,997 || 19.93%
|-
| [[Rochdale]] || 42,121 || 18.82%
|-
| [[London Borough of Ealing]] || 68,907 || 18.77%
|-
| [[London Borough of Enfield]] || 61,477 || 18.63%
|-
| [[Kirklees]] || 80,046 || 18.48%
|-
| [[London Borough of Hounslow]] || 48,028 || 16.67%
|-
| [[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] || 23,825 || 16.12%
|-
| [[London Borough of Camden]] || 33,830 || 16.10%
|-
| [[London Borough of Harrow]] || 41,503 || 15.89%
|-
| [[Hyndburn]] || 12,049 || 14.65%
|-
|}

In the 2021 census for England and Wales, the main places of birth were the United Kingdom at 1,974,479 people (51.0% of the total Muslim population), [[South Asians in the United Kingdom|South Asia]] at 993,415 (25.7%), Africa at 366,133 (9.5%), other parts of Europe at 262,685 (6.8%) and the Middle East at 231,261 (6.0%). Among individual countries outside of the UK, the countries of Pakistan; Bangladesh; Somalia; India; Iraq; Turkey; Afghanistan; Iran; Syria; and Italy made up the top ten most common countries of birth for Muslims residing in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country of birth (extended) and religion |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/2667ef12-ec2e-44e7-a356-aeca1205bf53#get-data |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> 59.7% of Muslims identified as either [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]]/[[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]/[[British Indian|Indian]], 6.2% were of [[British Asian|other Asian heritage]], 10.8% identified as [[Black British people|Black]], 7.2% identified as [[British Arab|Arab]], 5.9% were [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]], 3.7% were of [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed heritage]], and the remaining 6.6% identified with other ethnic groups.<ref name="RM031_21"/>

The Muslim population of England and Wales has grown consistently since World War II. [[Sophie Gilliat-Ray]] attributes the recent growth to "recent immigration, the higher than average birth rate, some conversion to Islam".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilliat-Ray|first1=Sophie|title=Muslims in Britain|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521536882|page=117}}, reported in {{cite web|last1=Field|first1=Clive|title=How Many Muslims?|url=http://www.brin.ac.uk/news/2010/how-many-muslims/|website=British Religion in Numbers|access-date=7 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407210240/http://www.brin.ac.uk/news/2010/how-many-muslims/|archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> In 2017, [[Pew Research Center]] projected the population of Muslims in the United Kingdom to grow to 6.56 million (12.7% of the population) by 2050 under a zero migration scenario, or to 13.48 million (17.2%) under a high migration scenario.<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe's Growing Muslim Population |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2017/11/FULL-REPORT-FOR-WEB-POSTING.pdf |publisher=Pew Research Centre |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

Several large cities have one area that is a majority Muslim even if the rest of the city has a fairly small Muslim population. In addition, it is possible to find small areas that are almost entirely Muslim: for example, [[Savile Town]] in [[Dewsbury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirklees-pct.nhs.uk/fileadmin/documents/meetings/march_07/KPCT-07-42%20Report%20estate%20strategy.doc |title=Development of an Estates Strategy |access-date=25 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124958/http://www.kirklees-pct.nhs.uk/fileadmin/documents/meetings/march_07/KPCT-07-42%20Report%20estate%20strategy.doc |archive-date=29 September 2007}} paragraph 4.3</ref>

Initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms of [[Council house|council flats]] until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available. Some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings. This process has continued down to the present day with the [[East London Mosque]] recently expanding into a large former [[car park]] where the London Muslim Centre is now used for prayers, recreational facilities and housing.<ref name=BDUK>{{cite web |url=https://www.surrey.ac.uk/cronem/files/BE04B01Ed01.pdf|title=Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK: Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics|publisher=University of Surrey|access-date=3 June 2008|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111172532/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/cronem/files/BE04B01Ed01.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=bdirect/> Most people regard themselves as part of the {{transliteration|ar|[[ummah]]}}, and their identity is based on their religion rather than their [[ethnic group]].<ref name=cardiff>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/resources/wrkgpaper-93.pdf |title=Genetics, Religion and Identity: A Study of British Bangladeshis – 2004–2007 |publisher=School of Social Sciences – Cardiff University – funded by the Economic and Social Research Council |access-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003105738/http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/resources/wrkgpaper-93.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008}}</ref>

The 2001 census recorded that there were 179,733 Muslims who described themselves as 'white'.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} 65% of white Muslims described themselves as "other white", and would likely have originated from locations such as [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]], [[Adygea]], [[Chechnya]], [[Albania]], [[Turkey]], [[Bulgaria]], the region of [[East Macedonia and Thrace]] in [[Northern Greece]], and [[North Macedonia]].{{Original research inline|date=June 2015}} The remainder of white Muslims are converts and mostly identified themselves as White British and White Irish.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Islam is the third-largest religious group of British Indian people, after [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D6891.xls|title=Home - Office for National Statistics |website=www.statistics.gov.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318182409/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D6891.xls|archive-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> 8% of UK Muslims are of Indian descent,{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} principally those whose origins are in [[Gujarat]], [[West Bengal]], [[Telangana]] and [[Kerala]]. Gujarati Muslims from the [[Surat]] and [[Bharuch]] districts started to arrive from the 1940s when India was under [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], settling in the towns of [[Dewsbury]] and [[Batley]] in Yorkshire and in parts of Lancashire.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="border:1px ; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left; clear:both; font-size:100%; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"
|-
! Census Year !! Number of Muslims !! Population of England and Wales !! Muslim (% of population) !! Registered mosques !! Muslims per mosque
|-
| 1961 || 50,000 || 46,196,000 || 0.11<ref name=BRIN>{{cite web | url=http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/documents/Hindu-Muslim-Sikhpopulation-1961-2001-Gale-Peach-estimates.xls | title=Hindu, Muslim and Sikh populations | work=brin.ac.uk/figures | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329101119/http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/documents/Hindu-Muslim-Sikhpopulation-1961-2001-Gale-Peach-estimates.xls | archive-date=29 March 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> || 7 || 7,143
|-
| 1971 || 226,000 || 49,152,000 || 0.46<ref name=BRIN /> || 30 || 7,533
|-
| 1981 || 553,000 || 49,634,000 || 1.11<ref name=BRIN /> || 149 || 3,711
|-
| 1991 || 950,000 || 51,099,000 || 1.86<ref name=BRIN /> || 443 || 2,144
|-
| 2001 || 1,600,000 || 52,042,000 || 3.07<ref name=BRIN /> || 614 || 2,606
|-
| 2011 || 2,706,000 || 56,076,000 || 4.83<ref name=2011census/> || 1,500 || 1,912
|-
| 2021 || 3,868,133 || 59,597,542 || 6.5<ref name=2021census/> || – || –
|}

===South Asian===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}

====Pakistanis====
{{see also|British Pakistanis}}
The single largest group of Muslims in the United Kingdom are of [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani descent]]. Pakistanis were one of the first [[South Asian]] Muslim communities to permanently settle in the United Kingdom, arriving in [[England]] first in the late 1940s. Immigration from [[Mirpur Division|Mirpur]] in Pakistan grew from the late 1950s, accompanied by immigration from other parts of Pakistan especially from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], particularly from the surrounding Punjab villages of [[Faisalabad]], [[Sahiwal]], [[Sialkot]], [[Jhelum]], [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], in addition to from the north-west Punjab including the [[chhachh]]i [[Pashtun people|Pathans and Pashtuns]] from [[Attock District]], and some from villages of [[Ghazi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Ghazi]], [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]] and [[Peshawar]]. There is also a fairly large Punjabi community from [[East Africa]] found in London. People of Pakistani extraction are particularly notable in [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[West Yorkshire]], London, [[Lancashire]]/[[Greater Manchester]] and several industrial towns such as [[Luton]], [[Slough]] and [[High Wycombe]] in the Home Counties. There are smaller numbers of [[Sindhis]] in [[Greater London]]. Pakistanis were traditionally working class but are slowly progressing into a Metropolitan middle class.

Chain migration played a significant role, as many of the early migrants helped bring their family members to the UK. Today, the British Mirpuri diaspora is one of the largest Kashmiri communities outside of South Asia, with strong ties to cities like Bradford, Birmingham, and Manchester.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming to Manchester: Stories of South Asian migration to Manchester – Race Archive |url=https://www.racearchive.org.uk/coming-to-manchester-stories-of-south-asian-migration-to-manchester/ |access-date=2024-09-29}}</ref>

====Bangladeshis====
{{see also|British Bangladeshis}}
[[File:East London Mosque - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[East London Mosque]] was one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the {{transliteration|ar|[[adhan]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eade|first1=John|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly |title=Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520204042 |chapter-url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|access-date=19 April 2015|chapter=Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London|quote=As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmuslimspac0000unse}}</ref>]]

People of [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi descent]] are the second largest Muslim community (after Pakistanis), 15% of Muslims in England and Wales are of Bangladeshi descent, one of the ethnic groups in the UK with the largest proportion of people following a single religion, being 92% [[Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Office for National Statistics (ONS) – ONS |url=https://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D6891.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318182409/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D6891.xls |archive-date=18 March 2007 |work=statistics.gov.uk}}</ref> The majority of these Muslims come from the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh. Many mosques opened by the British Bangladeshi community are often named after [[Shah Jalal]] and other Sufi saints who took part in the Islamic [[conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303. British Bangladeshi Muslims are mainly concentrated in London ([[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] and [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]]), [[Luton]], [[Birmingham]] and [[Oldham]]. The Bangladeshi Muslim community in London forms 24% of the Muslim population, larger than any other ethnic group.<ref name=cen>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/factsandfigures/DMAG-Briefing2004-16-2001CensusProfilesBangladeshisinLondon.pdf |title=2001 Census Profiles: Bangladeshis in London|publisher=Greater London Authority|access-date=1 August 2004|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407115423/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/factsandfigures/DMAG-Briefing2004-16-2001CensusProfilesBangladeshisinLondon.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2005}}</ref> Other smaller Bangladeshi Muslim communities are present in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Bradford]], [[Manchester]], [[Sunderland]], [[Portsmouth]], and [[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]].

There are groups which are active throughout Bangladeshi communities such as The Young Muslim Organisation. It is connected to the [[Islamic Forum Europe]], associated with the [[East London Mosque]] and the [[London Muslim Centre]] – all of which have connections with the Bangladeshi political party, the {{transliteration|ar|[[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh|Jamaat-e-Islami]]}}.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Other large groups include another Sunni movement, the [[Fultoli]] (founded in Sylhet),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3390/rel10100572|doi-access=free|title=In Search of Sylhet—The Fultoli Tradition in Britain|year=2019|last1=Ahmed|first1=Abdul-Azim|last2=Ali|first2=Mansur |journal=Religions|volume=10|issue=10|page=572}}</ref> and the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] – which is a [[missionary]] and revival movement,<ref name=jamaat>{{Cite web|last1=M. Jawed Iqbal |author2=Mufti Ebrahim Desai |title=Inviting to Islam |publisher=Ask Imam |date=9 June 2007 |url=http://www.askimam.org/fatwa/fatwa.php?askid=02baa777b4211ddad49f0b5256de3934 |access-date=16 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115113221/http://www.askimam.org/fatwa/fatwa.php?askid=02baa777b4211ddad49f0b5256de3934 |archive-date=15 January 2009  |author2-link=Mufti Ebrahim Desai }}</ref> and avoids political attention. The [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] calls for the [[Khilafah]] (caliphate) and influences by publishing annual magazines, and lectures through mainly political concepts,<ref name=hizbu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info/english/constitution.htm |title=Draft Constitution by Hizb ut-Tahrir |publisher=The Media office of Hizb-ut-Tahrir |access-date=16 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108040710/http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info/english/constitution.htm |archive-date=8 January 2016 }}</ref> and the other which is a movement within [[Sunni Islam]] is the [[Salafi]] – who view the teachings of the first generations after Muhammed as the correct teachings,<ref name=salaf>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/048.sbt.html#003.048.819|title=Compendium of Muslim texts – ''Volume 3, Book 48, Number 819''|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=16 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990501171136/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/048.sbt.html#003.048.819|archive-date=1 May 1999}}</ref> and appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders.<ref name=BDUK/><ref name='Next'>''The Next Attack'', By [[Daniel Benjamin]] [[Steven Simon]], {{ISBN|0-8050-7941-6}} – Page 55</ref> All these groups work to stimulate Islamic identity among local Bengalis or Muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities.<ref name=bdirect>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdirectory.co.uk/index.php?id=190l |title=bdirectory: Islamist politics among Bangladeshis in the UK |publisher=David Garbin – Cronem, University of Surrey |access-date=27 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112131826/http://www.bdirectory.co.uk/index.php?id=190l |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=elm>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastlondonmosque.org.uk/ |title=East London Mosque and London Muslim Centre |publisher=[[East London Mosque]] |access-date=26 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726052924/http://www.eastlondonmosque.org.uk/ |archive-date=26 July 2008}}</ref><ref name=open>{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/bangladeshi_3715.jsp |title=Bangladeshis in east London: from secular politics to Islam |publisher=Delwar Hussain – [[openDemocracy]]: free thinking for the world |access-date=27 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830004653/http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/bangladeshi_3715.jsp |archive-date=30 August 2008}}</ref> The British Bangladeshi community has held a strong point in Islam, often opening large mosques such as [[East London Mosque]] and [[Brick Lane Masjid]], as well as opening madrassas and Islamic TV channels.

====Indians====
There are large numbers of Gujarati Muslims in [[Dewsbury]], [[Blackburn]] (including [[Darwen]]), [[Bolton]], [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], [[Nottingham]], [[Leicester]], [[Nuneaton]], [[Gloucester]] and London ([[Newham]], [[Waltham Forest]] and [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

===Middle Eastern===
====Arabs====
{{see also|British Arabs}}
[[File:Inside london central mosque.jpg|thumb|[[London Central Mosque]] interior]]
People of Arab origin in Britain are the descendants of Arab immigrants to Britain from a variety of Arab states or entities, including [[Yemen]], [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Egypt]] and the [[Palestinian Authority]]. Most British Arabs are Sunni Muslim, although some – such as those of Iraqi and Lebanese origin – are Shi'ite. The main Arab Muslim communities in the UK live in the Greater London area, with smaller numbers living in [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]], and [[Birmingham]]. There are also sizable and very long-established communities of Muslim [[Yemenis in the United Kingdom]] in among other places [[Cardiff]] and the [[South Shields]] area near [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]].

====Kurds====
{{see also|British Kurds}}
The UK has a significant Iraqi Kurdish population. Iraqi Kurds are mostly Sunni Muslims.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/20/who-are-the-iraqi-kurds/|title=Who are the Iraqi Kurds?|date=20 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/religious-neutrality-iraqi-kurdistan_b_1587042|title=Religious Neutrality In Iraqi Kurdistan|first1=Mansfield|last1=Stephen|date=18 June 2012|website=HuffPost}}</ref>

According to the [[Department for Communities and Local Government]], the Iraqi Kurds make up the largest group of Kurds in the country, exceeding the numbers from [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Communities and Local Government|year=2009|title=The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/iraqicommunity|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/iraqicommunity|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|publisher=Communities and Local Government|isbn=978-1-4098-1263-0|page=35}}</ref>

The [[2001 UK Census]] recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents,<ref name=OECD>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |title=Country-of-birth database |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |archive-date=17 June 2009}}</ref> and the [[Office for National Statistics]] estimates that, as of 2009, this figure had risen to around 65,000.<ref name="2009 estimates">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=September 2009 |access-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114061243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |archive-date=14 November 2010}}</ref> According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy, the Iraqi population in the UK is around 350,000–450,000.<ref name=IOM>{{cite web|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|title=Iraq: Mapping exercise|location=London|date=March 2007|access-date=3 July 2010|publisher=International Organization for Migration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

====Turks====
{{see also|British Turks}}
[[File:Turkish girl in London.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A Turkish girl in London.]]

[[British Turks|Turks in the United Kingdom]] represent a unique community in the country because they have emigrated not only from the [[Republic of Turkey]] but also from other former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] regions; in fact, the majority of British Turks are [[Turkish Cypriots]] who migrated from the island of [[Cyprus]] from the British colonial period onwards. The second largest Turkish community descend from Turkey. There has also been ethnic Turkish migration waves from Arabic-speaking countries (such as [[Iraq]]<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5">{{cite web|author=International Organization for Migration|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|title=Iraq: Mapping exercise|location=London|date=2007|access-date=3 July 2010|publisher=International Organization for Migration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011|page=5}}</ref> and [[Syria]]) as well as the [[Balkans]] (including [[Bulgaria]],<ref name="HAC2011">{{citation |last=Home Affairs Committee |year=2011|title=Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/aug/eu-hasc-turkey-jha-report.pdf|page=Ev 34|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-215-56114-5}}</ref> [[Greece]],<ref>{{citation |last=Şentürk|first=Cem|year=2008|title=West Thrace Turkish's Immigration to Europe |url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt1/sayi2/sayi2pdf/senturk_cem.pdf|page=427|publisher=The Journal of International Social Research}}</ref> and [[Romania]]).<ref name="HAC2011"/> A report published by the [[Home Affairs Committee]] in 2011 claimed that there was 500,000 British Turks,<ref name="HAC2011"/> made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals, 300,000 [[Turkish Cypriots]], and the remainder from other countries.<ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite news|title=UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed |first=Alan |last=Travis |work=The Guardian |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802151021/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed |archive-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=live |location=London}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, there was a growing number of ethnic Turks from the [[Turks in Europe|modern diaspora in Western Europe]]; for example, Turks with German and Dutch citizenship (i.e. [[Turks in Germany|Turkish Germans]] and [[Turks in the Netherlands|Turkish Dutch]]) had also immigrated to Britain in accordance with the freedom of movement under EU law.<ref name="EssexCountyCouncil">{{cite web|author=Essex County Council|title=An Electronic Toolkit for Teachers: Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Pupils|url=http://www.essex.gov.uk/Business-Partners/Partners/Schools/One-to-one-tuition/Documents/Turkish_Pupils%20an%20electronic%20toolkit.pdf|access-date=16 June 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Suleymaniye Mosque London, E2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Suleymaniye Mosque (London)|Suleymaniye Mosque]] in [[Hoxton]], London.]]
[[Turkish Cypriots]] first began to migrate to the United Kingdom in 1917.<ref>{{citation |year=2017|title=100 Years of Turkish Cypriot Migration to the UK|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/event/A9OOnV9P/100-years-of-turkish-cypriot-migration-to-the-uk|publisher=V&A Museum|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> At the time, the [[British Empire]] had already annexed Cyprus and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown. Migration continued through the 1920s;<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=153">{{cite book |last=Yilmaz|first=Ihsan|year=2005|title= Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey and Pakistan|page=153|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=0-7546-4389-1}}.</ref> during the [[Second World War]], the number of Turkish-run cafes increased from 20 in 1939 to 200 in 1945 – creating a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers.<ref name="Ansari 2004 loc=151">{{cite book |last=Ansari|first=Humayun|year=2004|title= The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800|page=151|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-685-2}}</ref> However, due to the [[Cyprus conflict]], many Turkish Cypriots began to leave the island for political reasons in the 1950s,<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sonyel|2000|loc=147}}</ref> with the numbers increasing significantly after the [[Cypriot intercommunal violence#Intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence of late 1963]]. With the subsequent division of the island in 1974 (followed by the declaration of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] in 1983) an economic [[Embargo against Northern Cyprus|embargo against the Turkish Cypriots]] by the Greek Cypriot controlled Republic of Cyprus, caused a further 130,000 Turkish Cypriots to leave the Island for the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |author=BBC |title=Turkish today by Viv Edwards |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093521/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=238}}</ref>

Migrant workers from the [[Republic of Turkey]] began to arrive in large numbers in the 1970s, followed by their family members in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Issa 2005 loc=8">{{cite book |last=Issa|first=Tözün|year=2005|title=Talking Turkey: the language, culture and identity of Turkish speaking children in Britain|page=8|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=978-1-85856-318-3}}</ref> Many of these workers were recruited by Turkish Cypriots who had already established businesses such as restaurants.{{sfn|Yilmaz|2005|p=154}} These workers were required to renew their work permits every year until they became residents after living in the country for five years.<ref name="Issa 2005 loc=8"/> By the 1980s, intellectuals, including students, and highly educated professionals arrived in the country, most of which received support from the Turkish Cypriot community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomson|first=Mark|year=2006|title=Immigration to the UK: The case of Turks|url=http://www.eliamep.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/migsys_uk_turks_eport_july_06.pdf|place=University of Sussex|publisher=Sussex Centre for Migration Research|page=19}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Mainland Turks settled in similar areas of London in which the Turkish Cypriots lived in; however, many have also moved to the outer districts, such as [[Essex]].<ref name="Issa 2005 loc=8"/>

[[File:Aziziye Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aziziye Mosque (London)|Aziziye Mosque]] in [[Stoke Newington]], London.]]
The Turkish community have established several mosques in the country. The first was [[Shacklewell Lane Mosque]], established by the Turkish Cypriot community in 1977.<ref name="Geaves 2001 loc=218">{{cite book |last=Geaves|first=Ron|year=2001|chapter=The Haqqani Naqshbandi: A Study of Apocalyptic Millennnialism within Islam|title=Faith in the Millennium|editor1-last=Porter|editor1-first=Stanley E.|editor2-last=Hayes|editor2-first=Michael A.|editor3-last=Tombs|editor3-first=David|page=218|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|isbn=1-84127-092-X}}</ref> There are numerous other Turkish mosques in London, mainly in Hackney, including the [[Aziziye Mosque (London)|Aziziye Mosque]]<ref>{{cite web|author=London Borough of Hackney|title=UK Turkish Islamic Association - Aziziye Mosque|url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=4342&Admin=0|access-date=20 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000139/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=4342&Admin=0|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Suleymaniye Mosque (London)|Suleymaniye Mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|author=London Borough of Hackney|title=UK Turkish Islamic Cultural Centre / Suleymaniye Mosque|url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=3924&Admin=0|access-date=20 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000110/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=3924&Admin=0|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable Turkish mosques outside London include Selimiye Mosque in [[Manchester]], Hamidiye Mosque in [[Leicester]], and Osmaniye Mosque in [[Stoke-on-Trent]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Çoştu|first1=Yakup|last2=Turan|first2=Süleyman|year=2009|url=http://www.dinbilimleri.com/Makaleler/1338008509_09040378.pdf|title=İngiltere'deki Türk Camileri ve Entegrasyon Sürecine Sosyo-Kültürel Katkıları|journal=Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi|volume=x|issue=4|page=45|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130659/http://www.dinbilimleri.com/Makaleler/1338008509_09040378.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Turks from the same districts from their homeland tend to congregate in the same quarters in the UK.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=155">{{Harvnb|Yilmaz|2005|loc=155}}.</ref> The majority live in capital city of London, particularly in [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]], [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], [[Lewisham]], [[Lambeth]], [[Southwark]], [[Croydon]], [[Islington]], [[Kensington]], [[Waltham Forest]], and [[Wood Green]].<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Communities and Local Government|2009a|loc=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/26/turkish_london_feature.shtml |title=Turkish London |publisher=BBC London |date=August 2008 |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127121825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/26/turkish_london_feature.shtml |archive-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Outside London there are smaller Turkish communities in [[Birmingham]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Luton]], [[Manchester]], [[Sheffield]] and the [[East Midlands]].

===African===
====Maghrebis====
{{main|Maghreb}}
Although data is short, findings indicate Maghrebis make up a substantial community in Europe and the United Kingdom. Britain has long ties with Maghrebis, through contact with the [[Maghrebis]]. Nevertheless, Britain has a far lower count of Maghrebis in comparison to France, the Netherlands and Spain, where the majority of Muslims are Maghrebi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08-xgLnsgmwC&q=maghrebis+in+uk+islam&pg=PA93|title = Radical Islam and International Security: Challenges and Responses|isbn = 9780415444606|last1 = Inbar|first1 = Efraim|last2 = Frisch|first2 = Hillel|date = January 2008| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

====Nigerians====
{{see also|British Nigerians}}
A 2009 government paper estimated the Nigerian Muslim community at 12,000 to 14,000 people.<ref name="CLG">{{cite web|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203232.pdf |title=The Nigerian Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities |last=Change Institute |date=April 2009 |publisher=Communities and Local Government |pages=23–24 |access-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331163114/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203232.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010  }}</ref> The community is concentrated in London.

Nigerian Muslims in the UK are represented by several community organizations including the [[Nigeria Muslim Forum]].<ref name="Nimufouk">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmfuk.org/|title=Nigeria Muslim Forum – Nigeria Muslim Forum|work=nmfuk.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921104917/http://www.nmfuk.org/|archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

====Somalis====
{{see also|British Somalis}}
[[File:Somwomldn.jpg|thumb|right|Somali women at a Somali community gathering event in London]]
The United Kingdom, with 43,532 [[Somalis in the United Kingdom|Somalia-born residents]] in 2001,<ref name="Census2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |title=Country-of-birth database |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |archive-date=17 June 2009}}</ref> and an estimated 101,000 in 2008,<ref name="2008 estimates">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Jan08-Dec08.zip |title=Table 1.3: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth, 60 most common countries of birth, January 2008 to December 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=4 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605092034/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Jan08-Dec08.zip |archive-date=5 June 2011}} Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> is home to the largest [[Somali people|Somali]] community in [[Europe]]. A 2009 estimate by Somali community organisations puts the Somali population figure at 90,000 residents.<ref name="Dissanayake">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7747162.stm|title=British Somalis play politics from afar|last=Dissanayake|first=Samanthi|date=4 December 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=25 January 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217004847/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7747162.stm|archive-date=17 February 2009}}</ref> The first Somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived in small numbers in port cities in the late 19th century, although most Somalis in the UK are recent arrivals. Further more Somali European such as from Holland or Denmark have been emigrating in recent years.<ref name="Dissanayake"/> Established Somali communities are found in [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Demographics of Liverpool#Somalis|Liverpool]] and London, and newer ones have formed in [[Leicester]], [[Manchester]] and [[Sheffield]].<ref name="Casciani">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5029390.stm|title=Somalis' struggle in the UK|last=Casciani|first=Dominic|date=30 May 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=25 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Born abroad">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/somalia.stm|title=Born abroad: Somalia|work=BBC News|access-date=25 January 2009|date=7 September 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330212503/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/somalia.stm|archive-date=30 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolpct.nhs.uk/Library/Impact/IA0073.doc |title=Liverpool City Council/Liverpool PCT Equality Impact Assessment Template |access-date=6 November 2009|archive-date=6 November 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091106175846/http://www.liverpoolpct.nhs.uk/Library/Impact/IA0073.doc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=FAEA>{{cite web|url=http://www.faea.es/english/oralidad.php |title=Integration of the Somali Community into Europe |publisher=Federation of Adult Education Associations |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216182416/http://faea.es/english/oralidad.php |archive-date=16 December 2009  }}</ref>

===White European===
The history of native British Muslims has a long presence in the country. The earliest known [[English people|Englishman]] to convert to Islam was [[John Nelson (convert)|John Nelson]] of the 16th century. [[Thomas Keith (soldier)|Thomas Keith]] was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] soldier who converted to Islam and became the governor of [[Medina]].<ref>Burckhardt, John Lewis. Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys: Collected during His Travels in the East. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1831</ref> The pirate [[Jack Ward]], one of the inspirations for [[Captain Jack Sparrow]], converted to Islam in the early 1600s. Another famous convert was the Victorian explorer [[Richard Francis Burton]] who successfully completed a [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]] in 1853, although later in life he declared himself an atheist. [[Abdullah Quilliam]] was a 19th-century Englishman who converted to Islam and built what is argued to be the first mosque in the country in Liverpool. He was known locally for his work advocating trade unionism and divorce law reform and persuaded more people in Liverpool to convert but they faced abuse from the wider society.<ref>{{cite news|title=The British Victorians who became Muslims|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-48069763|access-date=23 August 2022|newspaper=BBC|date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ethnic composition of British Muslims over time
! rowspan="2" |Ethnic group
! colspan="2" |1987 estimates<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peach |first=Ceri |date=1990 |title=The Muslim population of Great Britain |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.1990.9993680 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=417 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1990.9993680 |issn=0141-9870|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group and religion - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/create/filter-outputs/b0f5e61b-5c48-4a61-921f-a13781d87d45 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!% out of total Muslims
!Number
!% out of total Muslims
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Asian
!609,440
!84.9%
!2,550,022
!65.9%
|-
|Indian
|121,760
|17%
|246,968
|6.4%
|-
|Bangladeshi
|111,360
|15.5%
|593,136
|15.3%
|-
|Pakistani
|376,320
|52.5%
|1,470,775
|38%
|-
|Chinese
|–
|–
|1,890
|0%
|-
|Other Asian
|–
|–
|237,253
|6.1%
|-
!Other
!
!
!533,505
!13.8%
|-
|Arab
|79,000
|11%
|277,737
|7.2%
|-
|Other
|–
|–
|255,768
|6.6%
|-
!Black
!
!
!416,327
!10.8%
|-
|African
|29,000
|4%
|378,219
|9.8%
|-
|Caribbean
|–
|–
|7,167
|0.2%
|-
|Other
|–
|–
|30,941
|0.8%
|-
!White
!–
!–
!226,233
!5.8%
|-
|White British
|–
|–
|90,939
|2.4%
|-
|White Other
|–
|–
|135,294
|3.5%
|-
!Mixed
!
!
!142,045
!3.7%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!717,440
!100%
!3,868,132
!100%
|}

==Branches==
{{See also|Islamic schools and branches}}
{{Bar box
| title=Demographics of British Muslims (JPR), 2017<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staetsky|first1=L. Daniel|title=Antisemitism in contemporary Great Britain: A study of attitudes towards Jews and Israel|url=http://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/JPR.2017.Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Great_Britain.pdf|website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date=14 September 2017|date=September 2017|pages=47 & 59|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914004825/http://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/JPR.2017.Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Great_Britain.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Sunni Islam|Non-denominational Sunni]]|green|51.1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sunni Islam|Other Sunni]]|olivedrab|14.1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Shia]]|lime|5.0}}
{{Bar percent|[[Barelvi]]|lightgreen|4.5}}
{{Bar percent|[[Salafi]]|darkolivegreen|3.8}}
{{Bar percent|[[Deobandi]]|darkseagreen|3.1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Ahmadiyya]]|red|1.0}}
{{Bar percent|Other form of [[Islam]]|red|19.0}}
}}

An August 2017 survey by the [[Bertelsmann Stiftung]] foundation found that among British Muslims, 75% were Sunni and 8% were Shia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslims in Europe: Integrated but not accepted?|url=http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/Study_LW_Religion-Monitor-2017_Muslims-in-Europe_Results-and-Country-Profiles.pdf|website=[[Bertelsmann Stiftung]]|access-date=14 September 2017|date=August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913082103/https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/Study_LW_Religion-Monitor-2017_Muslims-in-Europe_Results-and-Country-Profiles.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>
A September 2017 survey by the [[Institute for Jewish Policy Research]] found that among British Muslims, 77% were Sunni, 5% were Shia, 1% were Ahmadiyya, and 4% were members of other denominations. 14% of British Muslims said they did not know or refused to answer the survey.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staetsky|first1=L. Daniel|title=Antisemitism in contemporary Great Britain: A study of attitudes towards Jews and Israel|url=http://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/JPR.2017.Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Great_Britain.pdf|website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date=14 September 2017|date=September 2017|page=47|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914004825/http://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/JPR.2017.Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Great_Britain.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

The denominational or theme breakdown of mosques and prayer rooms in the UK in 2017 with a sum total of more than 5% were as follows: 41.2% Deobandi, 23.7% Barelvi, 9.4% Salafi, and 5.9% Shia (Twelver, Bohra, Ismaili). 7.4% were non-denominational prayer rooms.<ref>https://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

===Sunni===
In 2015, ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that were 2.3 million [[Sunni]]s in the UK.<ref name=Ramadandingdong/>

Among British Sunnis in 2017, 66.7% were just non-denominational Sunni, 5.9% were Barelvi, 5.0% were Salafis, 4.1% were Deobandi, and 18.3% adhered to another Sunni Islam denomination.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staetsky|first1=L. Daniel|title=Antisemitism in contemporary Great Britain: A study of attitudes towards Jews and Israel|url=http://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/JPR.2017.Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Great_Britain.pdf|website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research|access-date=14 September 2017|date=September 2017|page=59|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914004825/http://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/JPR.2017.Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Great_Britain.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

The majority of British mosques are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], including [[Deobandi]], [[Barelvi]]s and [[Salafi]]. In 2010 the affiliation of the mosques was: 44.6% [[Deobandi]], 28.2% [[Barelvi]] and other [[Sufi]], 5.8% [[Salafi]], 2.8% [[Maudoodi]]-inspired; of the remainder many were part of other Sunni traditions or unaffiliated, while 4.2% were [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] (4%). The majority of mosque managers are of [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]] and [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] origin, with many [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], and fewer [[Arab]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Somali people|Somali]] managed entities.<ref>[http://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf UK Masjid Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911022954/http://www.muslimsinbritain.org/resources/masjid_report.pdf |date=11 September 2010 }} Muslims In Britain (18 August 2010). Mehmood Naqshbandi. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</ref>

===Shia===

[[File:Imam Kazim Procession Westminster Bridge Jan 2025 Simon King.jpg|thumb|A group of Shia Muslims perform a mourning ritual (matam) on Westminster Bridge during a procession in commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Musa Kazim.]]

In 2015, ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that were 400,000 Shias in the UK.<ref name=Ramadandingdong>{{cite news|title=Ramadan ding-dong: Foreign conflicts stoke sectarian squabbles among British Muslims|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21656232-foreign-conflicts-stoke-sectarian-squabbles-among-british-muslims-ramadan-ding-dong|access-date=27 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=27 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628020338/http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21656232-foreign-conflicts-stoke-sectarian-squabbles-among-british-muslims-ramadan-ding-dong|archive-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>

Shia mosques are usually [[Twelvers]] but also cater for [[Zaydi]]s and the 50,000-strong [[Ismaili]] community;<ref>{{cite news|title=Bagehot: Multicultural and aggrieved|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21640342-government-right-lobby-muslims-better-leadership-it-can-do|access-date=31 January 2015|newspaper=The Economist|date=24 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201061713/http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21640342-government-right-lobby-muslims-better-leadership-it-can-do|archive-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> they usually include facilities for women. Various Shia mosques include the Husseini Islamic Centre in Stanmore, Harrow which acts as one of the main Shia Muslim mosques in Britain as well as Masjid-e-Ali in Luton, one of the largest Imam Bargah/community centres in the UK, and the [[Islamic Centre of England]] in Maida Vale, also a large multi-ethnic community centre. Others include Al Masjid ul Husseini in Northolt, Ealing, and Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in Queens Park, Brent. Across the country Manchester, Birmingham and London have the most Shia residents.

=== Ahmadiyyat ===
{{main|Ahmadiyya in the United Kingdom}}
The [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim Community (AMC) established itself in the UK in 1912 and is thus the longest-standing Muslim community in the UK. The UK and worldwide headquarters of the AMC are currently situated on the grounds of 'The Blessed Mosque' [[Mubarak Mosque (Tilford)|(Masjid Mubarak)]], inaugurated on 17 May 2019 by [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]], the fifth [[Ahmadiyya Caliphate|caliph]] of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya movement]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressahmadiyya.com/press-releases/2019/05/head-ahmadiyya-muslim-community-opens-new-central-mosque-islamabad-tilford-uk/|title=Head Of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Opens New Central Mosque In Islamabad, Tilford, UK|date=19 May 2019|website=Press & Media Office|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> in Tilford, Surrey. The AMC also has the largest Muslim youth organisation, the [[Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Youth Association]] (Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya) in the UK (membership of 7,500) and the largest Muslim women's organisation, the [[Lajna Ima'illah|Ahmadiyya Muslim Women's Association]] ({{transliteration|ar|Lajna Ima'illah}}), in the UK (membership of 10,000).<ref>{{cite book|title=Ahmadiyya Muslim Mosques Around The World - A Pictorical Presentation|date=2008|publisher=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community; Khilafat Centenary Edition|isbn=978-1882494514|page=253}}</ref>

In 2014, on the 125th anniversary of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the group published an advertisement in ''Luton on Sunday''. After Dr. Fiaz Hussain, coordinator of the Preservation of Finality of Prophethood Forum (PFPF), lodged a written complaint stating the Ahmadiyya community should not be called "Muslim" due to its rejection of certain Islamic principles,<ref>{{cite news|author=Asif Arif|title=Lettre ouverte aux éditeurs du "Luton on Sunday"|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/asif-arif/lettre-ouverte-aux-editeurs-du-luton-on-sunday_b_5109357.html|work=[[Huffington Post]] (France)|date=8 April 2014|access-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414060009/http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/asif-arif/lettre-ouverte-aux-editeurs-du-luton-on-sunday_b_5109357.html|archive-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> the paper received a delegation of "Community Leaders" and soon issued an apology, disassociating itself from the advertisement. Tell MAMA responded, labeling attempts to intimidate or discriminate against Ahmadiyya Muslims "as anti-Muslim in nature."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Luton on Sunday 'Shuffle' and Impacts on anti-Muslim hate|date=9 April 2014|work=[[Tell Mama]]|url=http://tellmamauk.org/the-luton-on-sunday-shuffle-and-impacts-on-anti-muslim-hate/|access-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130030/http://tellmamauk.org/the-luton-on-sunday-shuffle-and-impacts-on-anti-muslim-hate/|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>

==Society==

===Economics===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Representation in Occupations
!Occupation
!% of total workforce
|-
|NHS
|7.1%- 10%<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=NHS Workforce Statistics - March 2024 |url=https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-workforce-statistics/march-2024# |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Digital NHS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-14 |title=Mixed reactions among NHS staff on assisted dying bill {{!}} Parliament Politics Magazine |url=https://parliamentnews.co.uk/mixed-reactions-among-nhs-staff-on-assisted-dying-bill |access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref>
|-
|Pharmacists
|18.6%<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPhC registers data {{!}} General Pharmaceutical Council |url=https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/about-us/publications-and-insights/research-data-and-insights/gphc-registers-data#:~:text=We%20recognise%20and%20celebrate%20the%20diversity%20of%20the |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=pharmacyregulation.org}}</ref>
|-
|Optometrists
|21%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equality, Diversity and Inclusion annual report 2022-23 {{!}} GeneralOpticalCouncil |url=https://optical.org/en/publications/equality-and-diversity/equality-diversity-and-inclusion-annual-report-2023/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=optical.org}}</ref>
|-
|Licensed Doctors
|18.8%<ref>{{Cite web |title=The state of medical education and practice in the UK: workforce report 2023. |url=https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/what-we-do-and-why/data-and-research/the-state-of-medical-education-and-practice-in-the-uk/workforce-report#:~:text=The%20state%20of%20medical%20education%20and%20practice:%20workforce |website=General Medical Council (GMC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected characteristics - GDE |url=https://gde.gmc-uk.org/the-register/register-summary/protected-characteristics |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=gde.gmc-uk.org}}</ref>
|-
|Dentists
|13.4%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registration reports |url=https://www.gdc-uk.org/about-us/what-we-do/the-registers/registration-reports#:~:text=Our%20annual%20registration%20reports%20provide%20a%20snapshot%20of |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=General Dental Council}}</ref>
|-
|Lawyers
|6%<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Diversity in law firms' workforce |url=https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/equality-diversity/diversity-profession/diverse-legal-profession/#:~:text=36%25%2520of%2520lawyers%2520have%2520no%2520religion%2520or%2520belief, |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.sra.org.uk}}</ref>
|-
|Civil Service
|5%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Service statistics: 2023 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/civil-service-statistics-2023#:~:text=Civil%20Service%20Statistics%20presents%20detailed%20information%20on%20the |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
|-
|Midwives
|2.9%<ref name="nmc.org.uk">{{Cite web |title=Our latest equality and diversity data and reports - The Nursing and Midwifery Council |url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/news/news-and-updates/our-latest-equality-and-diversity-data-and-reports/#:~:text=We%E2%80%99ve%20improved%20across%20three%20indicators,%20including%20an%20increase |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.nmc.org.uk}}</ref>
|-
|Police Officers
|2.5%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police workforce, England and Wales: 31 March 2023 (second edition) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-workforce-england-and-wales-31-march-2023/police-workforce-england-and-wales-31-march-2023#annex-a-additional-analysis-of-police-officer-numbers-by-protected-characteristics |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
|-
|Nurses
|2.4%<ref name="nmc.org.uk"/>
|-
|Armed Forces
|0.6%<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Armed Forces Biannual Diversity Statistics: April 2024 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-april-2024/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-april-2024#religion |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
|-
|Biomedical Scientists
|10.0%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diversity data: biomedical scientists - January 2024 |url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/resources/data/2024/diversity-data-biomedical-scientists-2024/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The HCPC}}</ref>
|-
|Orthoptists
|15.0%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diversity data: orthoptists - October 2023 |url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/resources/data/2023/diversity-data-orthoptists-2023/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The HCPC}}</ref>
|-
|Radiographers
|9.0%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diversity data: radiographers - March 2023 |url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/resources/data/2023/diversity-data-radiographers-2023/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The HCPC}}</ref>
|-
|Prosthetists / Orthotists
|6.0%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diversity data: prosthetists / orthotists - November 2023 |url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/resources/data/2023/diversity-data-prosthetists-orthotists-2023/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The HCPC}}</ref>
|-
|Neurosurgeon Consultant
|8.0%<ref>{{Cite web |last=SBNS |title=Equity Diversity & Inclusion |url=https://www.sbns.org.uk/about-us/edi.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Society of British Neurological Surgeons}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Employment Status (2021 Census)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diversity in the labour market, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/diversityinthelabourmarketenglandandwales/census2021#:~:text=Of%20adults%20aged%2016%20years%20and%20over%20as |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
!
!All
!Men
!Women
|-
|Economically Active
|54.8%
|67.2%
|42.3%
|-
|Economically Inactive
|45.2%
|32.9%
|57.7%
|-
|Unemployed
|6.2%
|7.2%
|5.3%
|-
|Employed
|48.6%
|60%
|37%
|}
In a 2010 aggregate study published by the [[Government Equalities Office]], Muslims in the United Kingdom had the lowest median hourly salary and held the least wealth amongst religious groups. They also held the lowest employment rates amongst religious groups, at 24% for Muslim women and 47% for Muslim men. The study noted that Muslim women who worked earned more than Muslim men and that Muslim men were more likely to be in self employment compared to the general population of men. Muslim men also had the smallest proportion with degrees, at 18%. More than two-fifths of Muslim men and women have no qualification beyond [[Qualification types in the United Kingdom|level 1]] (equivalent to grades D-G at GCSE).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brin.ac.uk/economic-inequality-and-religion//|title=Economic Inequality and Religion|last=Field|first=Clive|date=27 April 2010|access-date=9 July 2019}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101008003212/http://www.equalities.gov.uk/pdf/NEP%20Report%20bookmarked.pdf Alternative URL]</ref> According to analysis based on the 2011 census, Muslims in the United Kingdom faced poor standards of housing and were more vulnerable to long-term illness.<ref name="mcb.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.mcb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/MCBCensusReport_2015.pdf |title=British Muslims in Numbers |access-date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222072735/https://www.mcb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/MCBCensusReport_2015.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2017  }}</ref>

According to a 2013 assessment from the [[Muslim Council of Britain]], it was estimated that there were more than 10,000 Muslim millionaires and 13,400 Muslim-owned businesses in London, creating more than 70,000 jobs and representing just over 33 per cent of Small to Medium Enterprises in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/londons-mecca-rich-the-rise-of-the-muslim-multi-millionaires-splashing-their-cash-8913153.html|title=London's Mecca rich: the rise of the Muslim multi-millionaires|website=standard.co.uk|date=30 October 2013|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029014653/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/londons-mecca-rich-the-rise-of-the-muslim-multi-millionaires-splashing-their-cash-8913153.html|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

Amongst the economically active population in England and Wales, 19.8% of the Muslim population were in full-time employment compared to 34.9% of the overall population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Muslims in the UK face enormous social mobility barriers |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/young-muslims-in-the-uk-face-enormous-social-mobility-barriers#:~:text=Within%20the%20economically%20active%20population,(in%20England%20and%20Wales). |website=gov.uk |publisher=Social Mobility Commission |access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> Data from the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] for England and Wales in 2020 indicated that across religious groups, Muslims continue to hold the lowest earnings, lowest rates of employment, highest rates of economic inactivity, least likely to work in high-skilled occupations, least likely to hold managerial positions, and most likely to report holding no qualifications. However, there had been progress in these metrics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion, education and work in England and Wales: February 2020 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioneducationandworkinenglandandwales/february2020#economic-activity |website=ons.gov.uk |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> The [[2021 United Kingdom census]] for England and Wales found that the Muslim population had consistently lower rates of employment across every age group compared to the general population. Between the ages of 25–54, the employment rate for Muslims was typically 60% compared to around 80% across the whole population. Overall, 48.6% of working aged British Muslims were in employment, with the employment rate of Muslim women improving to 37%. Muslim women were 3.5 times more likely to report economic inactivity due to looking after family or home compared to the general population of women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diversity in the labour market, England and Wales: Census 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/diversityinthelabourmarketenglandandwales/census2021#adults-who-identified-as-muslim-had-the-lowest-employment-percentage |website=ons.gov.uk |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>

The 2021 census for England and Wales recorded 41.5% of Muslims either owning their home with a mortgage (26.3%) or outright (15.2%). 31.3% rent privately or live rent free and the remaining 27.2% live in [[Public housing in the United Kingdom|social housing]]. Across religious groups, Muslims were the most likely to live in social housing (compared to 17.1% of the wider population) and held the lowest rates of home ownership (compared to 62.8% of the wider population).<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion and tenure of household |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM134/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/a3171dc1-9548-4b7b-b0ac-48ef1b3c5394#get-data |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

===Education===
Around 32.3% of Muslims in the UK held degree-level qualifications, according to the 2021 UK Census. This is higher than White British (31%) and Christians (31.6%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=England and Wales Census 2021 - Religion by highest qualification level - UK Data Service CKAN |url=https://statistics.ukdataservice.ac.uk/dataset/england-and-wales-census-2021-religion-by-highest-qualification-level |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=statistics.ukdataservice.ac.uk}}</ref> In contrast, a higher proportion of Muslims in the UK held no qualifications (25%), in comparison with White British (18.3%) and Christians (20.8%).

In 2006, it was found that approximately 53% of British Muslim youth chose to attend university.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8655201/Christian-and-atheist-children-least-likely-to-go-to-university.html | title=Christian and atheist children least likely to go to university | newspaper=Telegraph | date=14 May 2006 | access-date=22 July 2011 | location=London | first=Nick | last=Collins | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726035419/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8655201/Christian-and-atheist-children-least-likely-to-go-to-university.html | archive-date=26 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> This was higher than the figure for Christians (45%) and the non-religious (32%) but lower than for [[Hindus]] (77%) and [[Sikhs]] (63%).<ref name="Telegraph"/>

There are around 184 Muslim [[faith schools]] in the UK, 28 of them being state-funded.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2018|title=Faith schools in the UK|url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/faith-schools-in-the-uk/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Religion Media Centre}}</ref> In 2008, 86.5% of pupils attending Muslim schools achieved five [[GCSE]]s, compared to a figure of 72.8% of [[Roman Catholic]] schools and 64.5% of secular schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN04405.pdf |title=Research briefings |work=UK Parliament  |access-date=7 January 2014 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2019, four Islamic schools were in the top ten ranking for secondary schools in England, including [[Tauheedul Islam Girls High School]] in first place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/europe/muslim-faith-schools-lead-the-pack-in-uk-top-schools-list-30836|title = Muslim faith schools lead the pack in UK top schools list}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] brought its first prosecution in England & Wales against an unregistered school, the Islamic [[faith school]] ''Al-Istiqamah Learning Centre'' in [[Southall]], London where nearly 60 children aged 5–11 were being taught.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/24/muslim-tuition-centre-was-being-run-as-an-illegal-school-8071320/|title=Muslim 'tuition centre' was being run as an illegal school|date=24 October 2018|work=Metro|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.secularism.org.uk/news/2018/10/nss-welcomes-first-convictions-for-running-unregistered-faith-school|title=NSS welcomes first convictions for running unregistered faith school|work=National Secular Society|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/24/school-taught-muslims-saved-noahs-ark-becomes-first-prosecuted/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/24/school-taught-muslims-saved-noahs-ark-becomes-first-prosecuted/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=School which taught that only Muslims were saved on Noah's Ark is first to be fined for opening illegally|last=Johnson|first=Jamie|date=24 October 2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=27 October 2018|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Head teacher Beatrix Bernhardt and director Nacerdine Talbi were convicted as running a school not registered with the [[Department for Education]] violates the [[Education and Skills Act 2008]]. They received fines and a [[curfew]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/london-south/news/unregistered-school-prosecuted-legal-first|title=Unregistered school prosecuted in legal first {{!}} The Crown Prosecution Service|website=www.cps.gov.uk|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

===Politics===
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 270
| image1            = Sajid Javid Official Cabinet Portrait, September 2021 (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = [[Sajid Javid]], the former [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
| image2            = Sadiq Khan 2020.png
| caption2          = [[Sadiq Khan]], the current [[Mayor of London]]
| image3            = Official portrait of first minister Humza Yousaf, 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption3          = [[Humza Yousaf]], the former [[First Minister of Scotland]]
| image4            = Anas Sarwar MSP.jpg
| caption4          = [[Anas Sarwar]], the current [[Leader of the Scottish Labour Party]]
}}

[[File:Baroness Uddin.png|thumb|upright|[[Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin]] was the first Muslim woman to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.]]
Muslims are playing an increasingly prominent role in political life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/alwaleed/muslims-in-britain/conference|title=Muslims and Political Participation in Britain: Conference 2012|date=24 July 2012|work=ed.ac.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140030/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/alwaleed/muslims-in-britain/conference|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Nineteen Muslim MPs were elected in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|December 2019 general election]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zatat|first=Narjas|title=A record number of British-Muslim MPs were elected to parliament in 2019. Here they are...|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/12/19/a-record-number-of-muslim-mps-in-uk-parliament|access-date=28 April 2021|website=alaraby|date=18 December 2019 }}</ref> and there are nineteen Muslim peers in the [[House of Lords]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The majority of British Muslims vote for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/most-uk-muslims-will-vote-labour|title=Most UK Muslims will vote Labour|author=David Sapsted|work=thenational.ae|date=25 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801165357/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/most-uk-muslims-will-vote-labour|archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> however there are some high-profile Conservative Muslims, including former Minister for Faith and Communities and former [[Chairman of the Conservative Party|Co-chairman]] and the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[Sayeeda Warsi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Junior Ministerial reshuffle rolling blog |first=Tim |last=Montgomerie |url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/thetorydiary/2012/09/junior-ministerial-reshuffle-rolling-blog.html |newspaper=ConservativeHome |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907014806/http://conservativehome.blogs.com/thetorydiary/2012/09/junior-ministerial-reshuffle-rolling-blog.html |archive-date=7 September 2012  }}</ref> described by ''[[The Guardian]]'' as a 'rising star' in the Tory party.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jan/31/tory-party-rising-stars-fading | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Nicholas | last=Watt | title=Tory party: the rising stars and those fading fast | date=31 January 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104014814/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jan/31/tory-party-rising-stars-fading | archive-date=4 January 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Warsi, who was the first Muslim to serve in a British cabinet, was appointed by [[David Cameron]] in 2010 as a minister without portfolio. She was made a senior minister of state in 2012. In August 2014 she resigned over the government's approach to the [[2014 Israel-Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28656874 |title=Baroness Warsi quits as Foreign Office minister over Gaza |publisher=BBC |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805091721/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28656874 |archive-date=5 August 2014  }}</ref>

Muslim political parties in Britain have included the [[People's Justice Party (UK)]], a Pakistani and Kashmiri party that won city council seats in Manchester in the 2000s,<ref name="PrasadToughJustice">{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=Raekha|title=Tough Justice|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/jun/19/localgovernment.guardiansocietysupplement|access-date=15 May 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 June 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010451/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/jun/19/localgovernment.guardiansocietysupplement|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> and the unsuccessful [[Islamic Party of Britain]], an [[Islamist]] party in Bradford in the 1990s.<ref name=wings>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TbYTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,61245|title=British Islamic Party spreads its wings|last=Dabrowska|first=Karen|date=16 November 1989|work=New Straits Times|access-date=10 February 2010|location=Malaysia}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2023, the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] rejected an application to set up a new political party named 'Party of Islam'.<ref>{{cite news |title='Party of Islam' has bid to become new UK political party rejected |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/party-of-islam-application-electoral-commission-rejected-140549589.html |work=Yahoo! News |date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

In the 2017 general election, 15 Muslim MPs (12 Labour and 3 Conservative) were elected, up from 13 Muslim MPs in 2015 general election.<ref name="muslimnews.co.uk">{{Cite web|title=Record number of Muslim MPs elected|url=https://muslimnews.co.uk/newspaper/home-news/record-number-muslim-mps-elected/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=The Muslim News}}</ref> In the 2019 general election, a record number of 19 Muslim MPs were elected (15 Labour and 4 Conservative).<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2019|title=Fears of Islamophobia in the UK even as record number of Muslim MPs elected|url=https://arab.news/ykbht|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2019-new-conservative-mps-shifts-balance-party-youth-brexit-1341878|title=General Election 2019: new intake of Conservative MPs shifts the balance of the party in favour of youth|date=15 December 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

Survey data analysed by [[UK in a Changing Europe]] showed that Labour (72 per cent) led Conservatives (11 per cent) by 61 points amongst Muslim voters in 2019. Further analysis showed that many minorities were "necessity liberals" who voted for Labour not because they were social liberals, but because Labour represented a broader political package and distrusted the Conservatives on identity matters. [[British Pakistani]] and [[British Bangladeshi]] voters in particular, by a margin of 20–30 points, believed that [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom|LGBT rights]] had gone too far.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanagasooriam |first1=James |title=Non-white Britain is more diverse than ever |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/columnists/article/non-white-britain-is-more-diverse-than-ever-db3bf6bcl |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=The Times |date=3 January 2024}}</ref>

At the 2024 general election, 24 Muslim MPs were elected including a record four independent pro-Palestinian MPs. All of the elected independent MPs were endorsed by [[The Muslim Vote]], a pressure group set up in December 2023 in response to the [[Gaza war]]. Polling by [[Savanta]] found that 44 per cent of Muslim voters ranked the matter among their top five issues compared to 12 per cent of non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim voters credited for election of five independent pro-Palestinian MPs |url=https://hyphenonline.com/2024/07/05/muslim-voters-credited-for-election-of-five-independent-pro-palestinian-mps-shockat-adam-iqbal-mohamed-adnan-hussain-ayoub-khan-uk-election/ |work=Hyphen |date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top"
|-
! colspan="7" |Muslim MPs by election 1997–2024
|-
! Election
! colspan=1 style="text-align:center"|Labour
! Conservative
! Scottish National Party
! Other
! Total
! % of Parliament
|- style="text-align:center"
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/304006.stm|title = BBC News &#124; UK Politics &#124; Vindication for UK's first Muslim MP}}</ref>
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''0.15'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/mps-struggle-to-recognise-muslims-in-the-commons-xrxnqsznw9q|title = MPS 'struggle to recognise Muslims in the Commons'}}</ref>
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''2'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''0.31'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1489493/Islamic-reaction-too-small-to-hurt-Blair.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1489493/Islamic-reaction-too-small-to-hurt-Blair.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Islamic reaction too small to hurt Blair|date=7 May 2005 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''4'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''0.62'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/mehdi-hasan/2010/05/muslim-majority-labour-england|title = Rejoice! The number of Muslim MPS has doubled| date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>
| 6
| 2
| 0
| 0
| '''8'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''1.23'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/record-13-muslim-mps-elected-8-them-women-1505297|title=Record of 13 Muslim MPS elected, 8 of them women|date=10 May 2015 }}</ref>
| 9
| 3
| 1
| 0
| '''13'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''2.00'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]<ref name="muslimnews.co.uk"/>
| 12
| 3
| 0
| 0
| '''15'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''2.31'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ummid.com/news/2019/december/15.12.2019/record-number-of-muslims-win-in-uk-2019-elections.html|title=Record number of Muslims win in UK 2019 Elections}}</ref>
| 14
| 5
| 0
| 0
| '''19'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''2.92'''
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|[[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024]]<!-- The source claims that Munira Wilson of the Liberal Democrats is a Muslim, however she was only raised a Muslim and "is now a committed Christian".--><ref>{{cite news |title=Record number of 25 Muslims elected to UK Parliament amid rising Islamophobia |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/record-number-of-25-muslims-elected-to-uk-parliament-amid-rising-islamophobia/ |work=Muslim Mirror |date=9 July 2024}}</ref>
| 18
| 2
| 0
| 4
| '''24'''
| style="text-align:center"|'''3.69'''
|- style="text-align:center"
|}

===Law===
{{main|Sharia}}
{{see also|Islamic Sharia Council|Muslim Arbitration Tribunal}}
[[File:A public demonstration demanding Sharia in Britain.jpg|thumb|upright|Public demonstration in the United Kingdom for sharia, October 2009]]
The [[Islamic Sharia Council|first sharia]] court, also known as sharia councils, began operating in the United Kingdom in 1982, and the number in operation has grown to 85 by 2024. A ''[[The Times]]'' investigation has found that there are a growing number of Muslims from across Europe and North America seeking the services of British sharia courts, with the UK now dubbed as the 'western capital' for sharia courts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dominic |title=How the UK became 'western capital' for sharia courts |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/sharia-law-courts-uk-marriages-divorce-zs76vq2c9 |work=[[The Times]] |date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ehsan |first1=Rakib |title=Sharia courts exploit Britain's rich traditions of religious freedom |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/12/20/sharia-courts-exploit-britains-traditions-religious-freedom/ |work=The Telegraph |date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

Although sharia is not part of the [[Law of the United Kingdom|British legal system]], several British establishment figures have supported its use in areas of dispute resolution in Islamic communities. For example, in February 2008 [[Rowan Williams]] the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (the head of the [[Church of England]]) lectured at the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] on Islam and English law. In this lecture he spoke of the possibility of using sharia in some circumstances:

{{blockquote|[...] it might be possible to think in terms of{{nbsp}}[...] a scheme in which individuals retain the liberty to choose the jurisdiction under which they will seek to resolve certain carefully specified matters, so that 'power-holders are forced to compete for the loyalty of their shared constituents'.|Rowan Williams, 2008<ref name=rwsharia>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Rowan|title=Civil and Religious Law in England: a religious perspective|url=http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/1137/archbishops-lecture-civil-and-religious-law-in-england-a-religious-perspective|access-date=8 November 2014|date=7 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108054552/http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/1137/archbishops-lecture-civil-and-religious-law-in-england-a-religious-perspective|archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>}}

Several months later, [[Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers|Lord Phillips]], then [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales]] supported the idea that sharia could be reasonably employed as a basis for "mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution", and explained that "It is not very radical to advocate embracing sharia law in the context of family disputes, for example, and our system already goes a long way towards accommodating the archbishop's suggestion."<ref>{{cite news|title=Sharia law 'could have UK role'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7488790.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=4 June 2008|date=4 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921024521/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7488790.stm|archive-date=21 September 2008}}</ref>

In March 2014, [[The Law Society]] issued guidance on how to draft sharia-compliant wills for the network of sharia courts which been established to deal with disputes between Muslim families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10716844/Islamic-law-is-adopted-by-British-legal-chiefs.html|title=Islamic law is adopted by British legal chiefs|date=22 March 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227191352/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10716844/Islamic-law-is-adopted-by-British-legal-chiefs.html|archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The guidance was withdrawn later in 2014 following criticism by solicitors and by [[Chris Grayling]], the [[Secretary of State for Justice|Justice Secretary]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Law Society withdraws guidance on sharia wills|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/nov/24/law-society-withdraws-guidance-sharia-wills|access-date=8 December 2014|work=The Guardian|date=24 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202214926/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/nov/24/law-society-withdraws-guidance-sharia-wills|archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref>

In its [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]] manifesto, [[UKIP]] pledged to abolish the existence of [[sharia|sharia courts]] in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=General election 2017: UKIP manifesto to pledge a burka ban |date=24 April 2017 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39682939?ocid=socialflow_facebook&ns_mchannel=social&ns_campaign=bbcnews&ns_source=facebook |access-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527091610/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39682939?ocid=socialflow_facebook&ns_mchannel=social&ns_campaign=bbcnews&ns_source=facebook |archive-date=27 May 2017 }}<br />– {{cite news |title=Ukip to campaign to ban burqa and sharia courts, says Paul Nuttall |author=Elgot, Jessica |date=23 April 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/23/ukip-to-campaign-to-ban-burka-and-sharia-courts-says-paul-nuttall?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Facebook |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424003019/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/23/ukip-to-campaign-to-ban-burka-and-sharia-courts-says-paul-nuttall?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Facebook |archive-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2016–2018 an independent panel commissioned by the UK government investigated the practices of sharia councils operating in England and Wales. The councils have no legal status and no legal jurisdiction in the UK. Estimates for their number range between 30 and 85. The investigation found that most people consulting the councils are women seeking an [[Islamic divorce]]. The review concluded that "there is unanimous agreement among the sharia councils themselves that discriminatory practices do occur in some instances within the councils in England and Wales" and made legislative and administrative recommendations to remedy the abuses. The panel was not aware of any sharia councils operating in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/678478/6.4152_HO_CPFG_Report_into_Sharia_Law_in_the_UK_WEB.pdf |title= The independent review into the application of sharia law in England and Wales |date=February 2018|via=www.gov.uk}}</ref>

According to Kaveri Qureshi, while women educate themselves and follow Islamic norms and values referring to colonial era [[Islamic advice literature]] about marriage not for continuation but to end their marriages and for justification of remarriages contrary to original intention of authors of the literature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qureshi|first=Kaveri|date=2 January 2018|title=Marriage, the Islamic advice literature and its women readers|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/20581831.2018.1455341|journal=Contemporary Levant|volume=3|issue=1|pages=32–43|doi=10.1080/20581831.2018.1455341|hdl=20.500.11820/3fc50ac1-565b-453b-8375-0818d44506d8 |s2cid=149478769 |issn=2058-1831|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Media and culture===
{{see also|List of Islamic television and radio stations in the United Kingdom}}

There are several Islamic television channels operating in the UK, including [[British Muslim TV]], [[Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International]] (MTA International),<ref name="MTAchannel">{{cite web |title=MTA International |url=https://www.mta.tv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203061858/http://www.mta.tv/ |archive-date=3 February 2007}}</ref><ref name="islamchannel">{{cite web|url=http://www.islamchannel.tv/aboutus.aspx |title=About Islam Channel |work=Islam Channel website |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129074555/http://www.islamchannel.tv/aboutus.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2010 }}</ref> [[Ummah Channel]],<ref name="ummahchannel">{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2009/08/ummah_channel_r.php |title=Ummah Channel replaces 9X on Sky EPG |editor-last=Baddhan |editor-first=Lakhvinder |date=12 August 2009 |work=BizAsia.co.uk |publisher=Biz Asia |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214070614/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2009/08/ummah_channel_r.php |archive-date=14 December 2009 }}</ref> [[Ahlebait TV]], and [[Fadak (TV channel)|Fadak]].

[[Muslims in British media|British Muslims]] are represented in various media positions across different organisations. Notable examples include [[Mehdi Hasan]], the political editor of the UK version of ''[[The Huffington Post]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/mehdi-hasan/ |title=Mehdi Hasan |work=Huffington Post |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402065544/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/mehdi-hasan/ |archive-date=2 April 2013  }}</ref> and the presenter of [[Al Jazeera English]] shows ''The Café'' and ''Head to Head'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mehdi Hasan – Profile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/mehdi-hasan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707023722/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/mehdi-hasan.html |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Mishal Husain]], a British [[news presenter]] for the [[BBC]], currently appearing on [[BBC World News]] and [[BBC Weekend News]], [[Rageh Omaar]], special correspondent with [[ITV Network|ITV]] and formerly Senior Foreign Correspondent with the BBC and a reporter/presenter for [[Al Jazeera English]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itv.com/news/meet-the-team/rageh-omaar/ |title=Rageh Omaar |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=[[itv.com]] |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116084734/http://www.itv.com/news/meet-the-team/rageh-omaar/ |archive-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> and [[Faisal Islam]], economics editor and correspondent for ''[[Channel 4 News]]''.<ref name=Channel4>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/authors/faisal+islam/105950#bio |title=Faisal Islam |publisher=Channel4.com |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629062040/http://www.channel4.com/news/authors/faisal%20islam/105950#bio |archive-date=29 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2013, there were 40 Muslim players in the [[English Premier League]], up from one in 1992. Man of the Match awardees were awarded bottles of champagne, which is forbidden in Islam, and after Muslim player [[Yaya Toure]] refused the award, champagne was phased out for small trophies instead. Children playing football have been seen falling to their knees as if in prayer after scoring a goal, a common practice of Muslim footballers.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/23159023| location=| work=BBC| title=Premier League: How Muslims are changing English football culture| date=5 July 2013| access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

===Associations===
* [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Association]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.loveforallhatredfornone.org/|title=Love for All, Hatred For None- An official website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community UK|website=www.loveforallhatredfornone.org|access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711064714/http://www.loveforallhatredfornone.org/|archive-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Association of British Muslims]], the oldest organisation of British Muslims, created in 1889 as the ''English Islamic Association'' by [[Abdullah Quilliam]].<ref name="BBC_Quilliam_firstUKmosque">{{cite news|first=Louise |last=Sardais |title=The 'little mosque' |date=August 2003 |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/liverpool/article_1.shtml |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208104122/http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/liverpool/article_1.shtml |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AOBM_selfhistory">{{cite web |last=Rosser-Owen |first=David |title=History |publisher=[[Association of British Muslims]] |date=30 April 2010 |url=http://aobm.org.uk/main/?page_id=30 |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211075506/http://aobm.org.uk/main/?page_id=30 |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Association of Muslim Lawyers]]
* [[British Muslim Forum]]
* [[Civil Service Islamic Society]]
* [[Daru-Al-Moameneen]]
* [[Islamic Forum of Europe]]
* [[Islamic Party of Britain]]
* [[Islamic Society of Britain]]
* [[Minhaj-ul-Quran UK]]
* [[Mosques & Imams National Advisory Board]]
* [[Muslim Association of Britain]]
* [[Muslim Council of Britain]]
* [[Muslim Educational Trust]]
* [[Muslim Parliament of Great Britain]]
* [[Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK]]
* [[Muslim Safety Forum]]
* [[Sufi Muslim Council]]
* [[The Young Muslims UK]]
* [[UK Islamic Mission]]
* [[World Islamic Mission]]
* [[Young Muslim Organisation]]

===Proselytisation===
{{See also|Conversion to Islam in prisons}}
An estimated 5,200 Britons convert to Islam each year, with around 100,000 converts reported by 2013. For men, prisons have been a notable setting for conversions. Approximately 18% of the [[United Kingdom prison population#Religious group|British prison population]], or over 14,000 prisoners, are Muslims, disproportionately higher than the general population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 1.5: Prison population by religion and sex|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1131446/Population_31Dec2022.ods |website=gov.uk |publisher=Ministry of Justice |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> The proportion of Muslims in the UK prison population rose from 8% in 2002 to 15% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf|title=Briefing Paper Number SN/SG/04334UK - Prison Population Statistics|last=Allen & Watson|date=20 April 2017|publisher=House of Commons Library|page=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329021406/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> According to the UK prison officers' union in 2013, some Muslim prisoners in the UK had allegedly [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] fellow inmates to Islam in prisons.<ref>{{cite news |last=Withnall |first=A. |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britain-s-jails-facing-growing-problem-of-forced-conversion-to-islam-officers-warn-8892645.html |title=Britain's jails facing 'growing problem' of forced conversion to Islam, officers warn |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=20 October 2013}}</ref> There have been multiple cases of non-Muslim prisoners threatened with violence<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Richard |date=7 June 2019 |title=Muslim gangs 'beat prisoners' who will not convert to Islam |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/law/article/muslim-gangs-beat-prisoners-who-will-not-convert-to-islam-gcb8nb2md |access-date=23 April 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> with "convert or get hurt" being a commonly used phrase by Muslim gangs according to an independent report published by the government.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bloom |first1=Colin |title=Does government 'do God?' An independent review into how government engages with faith |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1152684/The_Bloom_Review.pdf |website=gov.uk |publisher=Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities |access-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> A 2010 report by the [[Chief Inspector of Prisons]] stated that 30% of the Muslim prisoners interviewed had converted to Islam while in prison, some of whom were "convenience Muslims" who adopted the religion in order to get benefits available only to Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Whitehead|first1=Tom|title=Prisoners converting to Islam for 'perks'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/7808783/Prisoners-converting-to-Islam-for-perks.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/7808783/Prisoners-converting-to-Islam-for-perks.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=8 May 2018|work=Daily Telegraph|date=8 June 2010|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Other reasons why inmates may convert include wanting protection in wings where Muslim gangs are prevalent, the ability to go to chapel, and access to different foods. Around 1 in 5 Muslim prisoners in the UK are now white.<ref>{{cite news |title=One in five Muslim prisoners is white as 'gangs drive conversions' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/03/19/one-five-muslim-prisoners-white-islamic-gangs-conversions/ |work=The Telegraph |date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

Mosques in the country are sometimes seen as ethnic clubs which are not welcoming of new converts but there have also been recent convert led mosques.<ref name=economist>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21578099-british-strand-islam-emerging-more-people-become-converts-changing-my-religion |title=A British strand of Islam is emerging as more people become converts|publisher=The Economist|date=18 May 2013|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> A study in 2023 found that amongst some schools, there were tensions between Hindu and Muslim pupils. Hindu students were labelled as "kaffirs" and threatened to either convert or face "hell for disbelievers".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Neil |title=Muslim pupils tell Hindu classmates to convert to Islam to avoid bullying |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/18/muslim-pupils-hindu-convert-islam-bullying/ |work=The Telegraph |date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

===Extremist ideology===
{{See also|Terrorism in the United Kingdom#Islamist|United Kingdom and the Islamic State}}

In June 2017, [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the Labour Party, said that difficult conversations are needed, starting with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states that have funded and fuelled extremist ideology, and has also urged an immediate halt to UK arms exports to [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=jihad1>{{cite news  |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-05/corbyn-says-difficult-talks-needed-with-saudis-gulf-states/8588452  |title=London Bridge attack: Jeremy Corbyn says Britain needs to have 'difficult' talks with Saudi Arabia  |date=5 June 2017 |url-status=live  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034540/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-05/corbyn-says-difficult-talks-needed-with-saudis-gulf-states/8588452  |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-40496778|title=Saudi Arabia has 'clear link' to UK extremism, report says|date=5 July 2017|work=BBC|access-date=5 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705075344/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-40496778|archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=jihad2>{{cite news  |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-saudi-arabia-extremist-funding-terrorism-gulf-states-qatar-isis-al-qaeda-labour-a7773451.html  |title=Jeremy Corbyn calls for 'difficult conversations' with Saudi Arabia and Gulf states over extremism funding  |date=5 June 2017 |url-status=live  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827145753/http://www.independent.co.uk/News/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-saudi-arabia-extremist-funding-terrorism-gulf-states-qatar-isis-al-qaeda-labour-a7773451.html  |archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> [[Tom Brake]], [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]], foreign affairs spokesman has said that Saudi Arabia provides funding to hundreds of mosques in the UK, espousing a very hardline Wahhabist interpretation of Islam.<ref name=jihad3>{{cite news  |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/31/sensitive-uk-terror-funding-inquiry-findings-may-never-be-published-saudi-arabia  |title='Sensitive' UK terror funding inquiry may never be published  |date=1 June 2017 |url-status=live  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606011232/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/31/sensitive-uk-terror-funding-inquiry-findings-may-never-be-published-saudi-arabia  |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, a report by the [[Henry Jackson Society]], a [[Neoconservatism|neo-conservative]]<ref name="georgetownuniversity">''[https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-henry-jackson-society/ Factsheet: Henry Jackson SocietyCTSHEET]''. 13 June 2018. Georgetown University. Bridge Initiative Team. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</ref><ref name="tg">Griffin, T., Aked, H., Miller, D., & Marusek, S. (2015). ''[https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/the-henry-jackson-society-and-the-degeneration-of-british-neocons The Henry Jackson Society and the degeneration of British neoconservatism]'': Liberal interventionism, Islamophobia and the 'War on Terror'. Glasgow: Public Interest Investigations. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</ref> think tank, claimed that Middle Eastern nations are financially supporting mosques and educational institutions linked to spreading extremist material with "an illiberal, bigoted [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi ideology]]".<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/03/theresa-may-report-foreign-funding-extremists-saudi-arabia|title=Theresa May sitting on report on foreign funding of UK extremists|author=Elgot, Jessica|date=4 July 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170711160033/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/03/theresa-may-report-foreign-funding-extremists-saudi-arabia|archive-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> The report said that the number of [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] and [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] mosques in Britain had increased from 68 in 2007 to 110 in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://themarketmogul.com/extremism-report-puts-saudi-arabia-and-british-pm-may-on-the-spot-strengthens-qatar-in-gulf-crisis/|title=Saudi Arabian Extremism in the UK: Inside the Henry Jackson Report|author=Dorsey, James M|date=6 July 2017|work=The Market Mogal|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503181123/https://themarketmogul.com/extremism-report-puts-saudi-arabia-and-british-pm-may-on-the-spot-strengthens-qatar-in-gulf-crisis/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Gilles de Kerchove]] reported that the UK had the highest number of Islamist radicals in the EU, with estimates ranging between 20,000 and 25,000. Of these, 3,000 were considered a direct threat by MI5, and 500 were under constant surveillance.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/islamist-extremists-uk-highest-number-europe-25000-terror-threat-eu-official-isis-islam-britain-a7923966.html|title=Britain has more Islamist extremists than any other EU country|date=1 September 2017|website=The Independent|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref> Among those identified by security services but not seen as an immediate threat were the perpetrators of three ISIS-linked [[2017 London Bridge attack|attacks in 2017]], which resulted in 35 deaths.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/><ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Hashmi |first1=Zeeshan |title=Why more British Muslims are fighting for ISIL than the Army |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11439401/Why-more-British-Muslims-are-fighting-for-ISIL-than-the-Army.html |work=The Telegraph |date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Between 2011 and 2014, more British Muslims traveled to Syria to join ISIS and Al-Nusra Front than enlisted in the [[British Armed Forces]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Mary Anne |title=Her Majesty's Jihadists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/magazine/her-majestys-jihadists.html |work=The New York Times |date=14 April 2015}}</ref> with around 1,500 joining these groups compared to 220 who enlisted in the military.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man guilty over Muslim soldier beheading plot |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1578753/Man-guilty-over-Muslim-soldier-beheading-plot.html |work=The Telegraph |date=15 February 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph"/><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/islamist-extremists-uk-highest-number-europe-25000-terror-threat-eu-official-isis-islam-britain-a7923966.html|title=Britain has more Islamist extremists than any other EU country|date=1 September 2017|website=The Independent|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>

Political scientists [[Olivier Roy (political scientist)|Olivier Roy]] and [[Gilles Kepel]] offer differing perspectives on the roots of radical Islamist terrorism. Roy argues that many individuals are drawn to fundamentalist Islam only after becoming radicalized,<ref name=jihad4>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/it-s-not-islam-that-drives-young-europeans-to-jihad-terrorism-expert-says-1.5477000|title=It's Not Islam That Drives Young Europeans to Jihad, France's Top Terrorism Expert Explains|last=Lerner|first=Davide|date=20 August 2017|work=Haaretz|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> while Kepel suggests that certain ideologies, like [[Salafi jihadism|Salafism]], may lead individuals to violence. Roy also noted that restrictive policies like France's burkini ban might provoke religious violence,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/london-gave-shelter-to-radical-islam-and-now-it-s-paying-the-price-1.5482356|title=London Gave Shelter to Radical Islam and Now It's Paying the Price, French Terrorism Expert Says|last=Lerner|first=Davide|date=14 June 2017|work=Haaretz|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> but Kepel countered that the UK has experienced jihadist attacks despite having no such policies.<ref name=":0" />

A 2020 report indicated that British Muslims share similar concerns with the general population regarding Muslim extremism, with 63% expressing some level of worry. British Muslims were also slightly more likely (66%) than others (63%) to report individuals to the [[Prevent strategy|Prevent programme]] if concerned about radicalization, and 80% supported Prevent once they understood its goals.<ref name="extremismcommission.blog.gov.uk">{{cite web |title=Lead Commissioner's statement on Crest report: Listening to British Muslims: policing, extremism and Prevent |url=https://extremismcommission.blog.gov.uk/2020/03/02/lead-commissioners-statement-on-crest-report-listening-to-british-muslims-policing-extremism-and-prevent/ |publisher=Commission for Countering Extremism |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="CONTEST2023">{{cite web |title=CONTEST: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism 2023 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1171084/CONTEST_2023.pdf |website=gov.uk |publisher=[[Home Office]] |access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref> Additionally, as of 2023, Muslim extremism represents a significant portion of MI5's caseload and related arrests, with nine-tenths of the individuals on its watchlist linked to this type of extremism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendick |first1=Robert |title=Stabbing suspect was assessed by anti-terror programme |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/22/number-people-mi5-terror-suspect-watch-list-doubled-year/ |work=The Telegraph |date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="CONTEST2023">{{cite web |title=CONTEST: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism 2023 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1171084/CONTEST_2023.pdf |website=gov.uk |publisher=[[Home Office]] |access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="extremismcommission.blog.gov.uk"/>

In March 2024, [[Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities|Communities Secretary]] Michael Gove announced that five organisations would be assessed against the government's new definition of extremism. Three of these organisations, named as [[Cage (organisation)|Cage]], [[Muslim Association of Britain]], and [[Muslim Engagement and Development]], were of concern due to their Islamist orientation and views.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Gove names far-right and Islamist groups which could fall under fresh extremism definition |url=https://news.sky.com/story/michael-gove-names-far-right-and-islamist-groups-which-could-fall-under-fresh-extremism-definition-13094384 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=Sky News}}</ref> The latter two groups threatened to sue after the announcement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gove faces legal action threats after suggesting Muslim groups are extremist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/14/gove-says-three-muslim-led-groups-and-two-far-right-to-be-assessed-for-extremism |work=The Guardian |date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

====Antisemitism====
{{See also|Antisemitism in Islam|Antisemitism in the United Kingdom}}
According to British Muslim journalist [[Mehdi Hasan]], "anti-Semitism isn't just tolerated in some sections of the British Muslim community; it's routine and commonplace".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2013/03/sorry-truth-virus-anti-semitism-has-infected-british-muslim-community|title=The sorry truth is that the virus of anti-Semitism has infected the British Muslim community|work=The New Statesman|first=Mehdi|last=Hasan|date=21 March 2013}}</ref> A 2016 survey of 5,446 adult Britons, part of a report titled ''Anti-Semitism in contemporary Great Britain'' conducted by the London-based [[Institute for Jewish Policy Research]] found that the prevalence of [[antisemitic]] views among Muslims was two to four times higher than the rest of the population,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/09/12/news-opinion/world/british-muslims-twice-likelier-than-others-to-espouse-anti-semitic-views-survey-suggests|title=British Muslims twice as likely to espouse anti-Semitic views, survey suggests|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=12 September 2017}}</ref> that 55% of British Muslims held at least one antisemitic view (compared to 30% of the general population), and that there was a correlation between Muslim religiosity and antisemitism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41241353|title=Over a quarter of British people 'hold anti-Semitic attitudes', study finds|work=BBC News|first=Callum|last=May|date=13 September 2017}}</ref> A 2020 poll by [[Hope not Hate]] found that 45% of British Muslims held a generally favourable view of British Jews, and 18% held a negative view.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/minorities-still-believe-in-tolerant-britain-poll-finds-70m625rt8|title = Minorities still believe in tolerant Britain, poll finds}}</ref>

In March 2024, the [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]], Oliver Dowden, suspended the [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil Service]] Muslim Network (CSMN) over alleged antisemitic remarks and activities. The network was criticized for hosting webinars that instructed civil servants on lobbying to change government policy on Israel, promoting 'resistance' to government stances, and advising members on avoiding disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dathan |first1=Matt |title=Civil service group suspended over antisemitic tropes |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/civil-service-group-suspended-over-antisemitic-tropes-9c2xwmggz |work=The Times |date=15 March 2024}}</ref>

==Relations with wider society==
===Attitudes of British Muslims===

According to the 2006 [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] Global Attitudes Survey, around 81% of Muslims think of themselves as Muslim first. This is consistent with Muslims living in Muslim-majority countries, who also tend to think of themselves as Muslim first rather than identifying with nation states (for example 87% of Pakistanis identify themselves as Muslim first rather than Pakistani).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/254.pdf | title=Muslims in Europe: Economic Worries Top Concerns About Religious and Cultural Identity | work=pewglobal.org | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306022147/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/254.pdf | archive-date=6 March 2008 | df=dmy-all | access-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref> However, around 83% of Muslims are proud to be a British citizen, compared to 79% of the general public, 77% of Muslims strongly identify with Britain while only 50% of the wider population do, 86.4% of Muslims feel they belong in Britain, slightly more than the 85.9% of Christians, 82% of Muslims want to live in diverse and mixed neighbourhoods compared to 63% of non-Muslim Britons.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/jul/03/muslims-integrated-britain |title=Muslims are well-integrated in Britain – but no one seems to believe it; Leon Moosavi &#124; Comment is free &#124; guardian.co.uk |newspaper=Guardian |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928110101/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/jul/03/muslims-integrated-britain |archive-date=28 September 2013  }}</ref> In polls taken across Europe in 2006, British Muslims hold the most negative view of westerners out of all Muslims in Europe, whilst overall in Britain 63% of British hold the most favourable view of Muslims out of all the European countries (down from 67% the year before).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/23/uk.religion|title=Poll shows Muslims in Britain are the most anti-western in Europe|author=Julian Borger|work=The Guardian|date=23 June 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124083041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/23/uk.religion|archive-date=24 November 2016}}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|cartoon depiction of Muhammad in Danish newspapers]] and the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7/7 attacks]], a 2006 [[ICM Research]] poll found that 97% of British Muslims believed it was wrong to show Muhammad with 86% of respondents feeling personally offended by the depiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmresearch.co.uk/reviews/2006/Sunday%20Telegraph%20-%20Mulims%20Feb/Sunday%20Telegraph%20Muslims%20feb06.asp|title=Muslims Poll|work=ICM Poll|date=20 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210001521/http://www.icmresearch.co.uk/reviews/2006/Sunday%20Telegraph%20-%20Mulims%20Feb/Sunday%20Telegraph%20Muslims%20feb06.asp|archive-date=10 February 2007}}</ref> 96% believed it was wrong for Muslims to have bombed London during 7/7, although 20% had sympathy with the feelings and motives of the attackers. 40% of those surveyed also supported the introduction of [[Sharia]] law in Muslim-majority areas of Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/02/19/nsharia119big.jpg|title=Poll reveals 40pc of Muslims want sharia law in UK|work=The Telegraph|date=19 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209234418/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/02/19/nsharia119big.jpg|archive-date=9 February 2007}}</ref> Another poll by [[GfK]] revealed that 28% of British Muslims hoped that Britain would one day become an Islamic state, while 52% disagreed, and 20% did not venture an opinion either way.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attitudes to Living in Britain|url=http://www.stranieriinitalia.it/news/indaginegfk22nov2006.pdf|publisher=GfK NOP Social Research|access-date=19 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110836/http://www.stranieriinitalia.it/news/indaginegfk22nov2006.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

On religious issues, a 2007 poll by [[Populus Ltd|Populus]] reported that 36% of 16 to 24 year olds believed if a [[Apostasy in Islam|Muslim converted to another religion]] they should be punished by death, compared to 19% of British Muslims aged over 55. The polling also reported that 59% of Muslims would prefer to live under British law, compared to 28% who would prefer to live under Sharia law. 61% of respondents agreed with the statement that homosexuality is wrong and should be illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dvmx.com/British_Muslim_Youth.pdf |title=Radical islam |access-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081159/http://dvmx.com/British_Muslim_Youth.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Graeme |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1540895/Young-British-Muslims-getting-more-radical.html |title=Young, British Muslims 'getting more radical' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=29 January 2007 |access-date=16 November 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128133228/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1540895/Young-British-Muslims-getting-more-radical.html |archive-date=28 January 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Stephen Bates and agencies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jan/29/thinktanks.religion |title=More young Muslims back sharia, says poll; UK news |newspaper=The Guardian |date=29 January 2007 |access-date=16 November 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823230700/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jan/29/thinktanks.religion |archive-date=23 August 2013  }}</ref> This appeared to be borne out by a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll in 2009 of 500 British Muslims, none of whom believed that homosexuality was morally acceptable.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news |last=Butt |first=Riazat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality |title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 May 2009 |access-date=29 September 2013 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930220143/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality |archive-date=30 September 2013}}</ref> Such polls suggest that British Muslims have strongly conservative views on issues relating to extra-marital and/or homosexual sexual acts compared with their European Muslim counterparts – who are markedly more liberal.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/>

A survey by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in 2009 found that the Muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about Britain than the general British population as a whole,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Muslims more patriotic than Brits|publisher=Politics.co.uk|date=7 May 2009|first1=Ian |last1=Dunt|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/equality/muslims-more-patriotic-than-brits-$1293822.htm|access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112315/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/equality/muslims-more-patriotic-than-brits-$1293822.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Poll: European Muslims more patriotic than average populace |work=Haaretz |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |date=7 May 2009 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1083892.html |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529225941/http://www.haaretz.com/news/poll-european-muslims-more-patriotic-than-average-populace-1.275583 |archive-date=29 May 2016 }}</ref> while another survey found that Muslims assert that they support the role of Christianity in British life more so than British Christians themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=79 per cent of Muslims say Christianity should have strong role in Britain|author=Nick Allen|date=24 February 2009|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/4799345/79-per-cent-of-Muslims-say-Christianity-should-have-strong-role-in-Britain.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224071654/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/4799345/79-per-cent-of-Muslims-say-Christianity-should-have-strong-role-in-Britain.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2010|access-date=5 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref>

A poll conducted by [[Demos (UK think tank)|Demos]] in 2011 reported that a greater proportion of Muslims (47% – slightly higher than the 46.5% of Christians who agreed with the statement) than other religions agreed with the statement "I am proud of how Britain treats gay people", with less than 11% disagreeing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hundal|first=Sunny|url=http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/06/27/uk-muslims-prouder-of-gay-rights-than-christians/|title=UK Muslims prouder of gay rights than others|publisher=Liberal Conspiracy|date=27 June 2011|access-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002074854/http://liberalconspiracy.org/2011/06/27/uk-muslims-prouder-of-gay-rights-than-christians/|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/06/27/poll-says-muslims-are-proud-of-britains-gay-rights/ | title=Poll says Muslims are 'proud' of Britain's gay rights | work=pinknews.co.uk | date=27 June 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318103838/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/06/27/poll-says-muslims-are-proud-of-britains-gay-rights/ | archive-date=18 March 2012 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demos.co.uk/press_releases/britonsmoreproudofthenationaltrustthantheroyalfamily |title=Britons more proud of the National Trust than the Royal Family |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922215557/http://demos.co.uk/press_releases/britonsmoreproudofthenationaltrustthantheroyalfamily |archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> On 18 May 2013, just as the [[Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013|bill to legalise same-sex marriages]] was being prepared to pass into law, over 400 leading Muslims including head teachers and senior representatives of mosques across the country, published an open letter opposing the bill on the grounds that "Muslim parents will be robbed of their right to raise their children according to their beliefs, as homosexual relationships are taught as something normal to their primary-aged children".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/10065280/Muslim-leaders-stand-against-gay-marriage.html| location=London| work=The Daily Telegraph| title=Muslim leaders stand against gay marriage| date=18 May 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805164811/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/10065280/Muslim-leaders-stand-against-gay-marriage.html| archive-date=5 August 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref> A face-to-face survey conducted in 2015 by [[ICM Research]] for ''[[Channel 4]]'' found that 18 per cent of British Muslims agreed with the statement that homosexuality should be legal in Britain, while 52 per cent disagreed, and 22 per cent neither agreed or disagreed.<ref>{{cite news |title=C4 survey and documentary reveals What British Muslims Really Think |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/c4-survey-and-documentary-reveals-what-british-muslims-really-think |work=Channel 4 |date=11 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C4 / Juniper Survey of Muslims 2015 |url=https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Mulims-full-suite-data-plus-topline.pdf |publisher=ICM Unlimited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410195619/https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Mulims-full-suite-data-plus-topline.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2023 |page=119 }}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in 2015, a [[ComRes]] poll for [[BBC Radio 4]] found that 27% of British Muslims had some sympathy with the motives of the attackers, 45% believed that Muslim clerics who advocate for violence against the west are aligned with mainstream Muslim opinion and 78% of British Muslims were deeply personally offended by the publication of the images of Muhammad. The poll also found that 95% of British Muslims felt loyalty to Britain, 93% believed that Muslims should obey British laws and 46% felt that being Muslim in Britain was difficult due to prejudice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Most British Muslims 'oppose Muhammad cartoons reprisals' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-31293196 |work=BBC News |date=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Today Programme British Muslims Poll |url=http://comres.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/BBC-Today-Programme_British-Muslims-Poll_FINAL-Tables_Feb2015.pdf |publisher=ComRes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226184646/http://comres.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/BBC-Today-Programme_British-Muslims-Poll_FINAL-Tables_Feb2015.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015 }}</ref> In November of the same year, a [[Survation]] poll found that 19% of British Muslims had "sympathy with young Muslims who leave the UK to join fighters in Syria" which was a fall from the 28% figure the same polling company recorded in March.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hanif |first1=Faisal |title=Fifth of UK Muslims has sympathy for Syria fight |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/fifth-of-uk-muslims-has-sympathy-for-syria-fight-3s56rzfvn |work=The Times |date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

A 2016 report by the right-wing think tank [[Policy Exchange]] in conjunction with ICM Research found that 93 per cent of British Muslims hold fairly or very strong attachment to Britain, 53 per cent wanted to "fully integrate with non-Muslims in all aspects of life" and British Muslims were found to be more likely to condemn terrorism than the general population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burgess |first1=Kaya |title=Most Muslims want full integration with British way of life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/most-muslims-want-full-integration-with-british-way-of-life-p8t5bb5xh |work=The Times |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> The report, which was co-authored by [[Khalid Mahmood (British politician)|Khalid Mahmood MP]], also found that British Muslims had "separatist" tendencies and were inclined to believe in conspiracy theories to do with 9/11 and plots to "do down Muslims". When asked what they would do if someone they knew was involved with supporters of terrorism in Syria, only 52% said they would report them to the police.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Travis |first1=Alan |title=UK Muslims show worrying belief in conspiracy theories, claims thinktank |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/02/uk-muslims-show-worrying-belief-in-conspiracy-theories-claims-thinktank |work=The Guardian |date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Martyn Frampton |last2=David Goodhart |last3=Khalid Mahmood |title=Unsettled Belonging: A survey of Britain's Muslim communities |url=https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/PEXJ5037_Muslim_Communities_FINAL.pdf |publisher=Policy Exchange |author3-link=Khalid Mahmood (British politician) }}</ref>

In 2018, [[Ipsos MORI]] published a review which analysed previous surveys of British Muslims. The report found that British Muslims placed greater importance on their British and religious identity than the general population. 63% believed that different religious and ethnic groups should mix together more in their local area and Muslim children had higher levels of university aspiration than the general population. British Muslims tended to have more conservative social attitudes, with about half of Muslim men and one third of Muslim women believing that "wives should always obey their husbands" and 38% of Muslim men and 23% of Muslim women believing that it was acceptable to have [[Marriage in Islam#Polygamy|more than one wife]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Harriet |title=Muslims place greater importance on national identity, finds UK study |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/21/muslims-british-national-identity-uk-report |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A review of survey research on Muslims in Britain |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2018-03/a-review-of-survey-research-on-muslims-in-great-britain-ipsos_0.pdf |publisher=Ipsos MORI |access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Palestinian human rights need protecting too. (53334930454).jpg|thumb|upright|Protest against [[Israel]]'s bombing of the [[Gaza Strip]] in London on 11 November 2023]]
A survey carried out by J.L. Partners in 2024 reported that 40 per cent of British Muslims found it desirable for women to take a more traditional role in society, 39 per cent supported the formation of a Muslim political party and 32 per cent supported Islam to be declared the national religion with the same proportion desiring Sharia law to be implemented in the UK.<ref name="JLP_24">{{cite web |title=Polling British Muslim and General Public attitudes |url=https://jlpartners.co.uk/s/Henry-Jackson-Society-tables.xlsx |website=jlpartners.co.uk |publisher=J.L. Partners |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> 52 per cent wanted to make it illegal to show a picture of Muhammad, 46 per cent believed Jews have too much power over UK government policy and 41 per cent believed they have too much power over the UK media industry. The survey was conducted between February and March during the [[Gaza war]]; when asked which of the two entities they had sympathy with, 46 per cent of British Muslims sympathised more with Hamas compared to 3 per cent sympathising more with Israel. 36 per cent had a positive view of Hamas, 21 per cent had a positive view of jihad and 24 per cent believed that Hamas committed murder and rape in Israel on [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|October 7th]]. Younger and more educated Muslims were more likely to hold these beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turner |first1=Camila |title=Just one in four British Muslims believe Hamas committed murder and rape in Israel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/06/one-in-four-british-muslims-believe-hamas-israel/ |work=The Telegraph |date=6 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="JLP_24"/> Among 18 to 24 year olds, 65 per cent agreed with the statement that [[Legitimacy of the State of Israel|"Israel does not have a right to exist as a Jewish homeland"]] compared to 34 per cent of 45 to 54 year old British Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title=65% of young British Muslims oppose Israel's right to exist |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/two-thirds-of-young-british-muslims-oppose-israels-right-to-exist/ |work=UnHerd |date=9 April 2024}}</ref>

===Attitudes towards British Muslims===

The [[Media of the United Kingdom|British media]] has been criticised for propagating negative [[stereotype]]s of Muslims and fueling [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] prejudice.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=John E.|title=(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|year=2004|isbn=90-272-2699-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WanqiF2XULsC}}</ref> In 2006, several [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|British cabinet]] ministers were criticised for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the [[Home Office]] on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater "barrier to integration."<ref>{{Cite web|title=White pupils less tolerant, survey shows|author=Vikram Dood|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 October 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/21/schools.religion|access-date=4 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim students 'more tolerant'|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lancashire/6033155.stm|access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref>

In January 2010, the [[British Social Attitudes Survey]] found that the general public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Britain divided by Islam, survey finds|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=11 January 2010|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114211350/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2010|access-date=4 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> The "[[scapegoating]]" of British Muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise of [[antisemitism]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6832035.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093750/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6832035.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2011|title=Login}}</ref>

A 2013 survey by [[YouGov]] indicated that immigrants from Muslim countries were perceived as integrating less well into British society than immigrants from other countries, with 71% of respondents believing migrants from Muslim countries were not integrating well.<ref name=state_of_mind>{{cite news | url=http://yougov.co.uk/news/2013/06/04/beyond-woolwich-british-attitudes-integration/ | location=London | work=YouGov | first=Joel | last=Rogers | title=Beyond Woolwich: British attitudes to integration | date=4 June 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016132003/http://yougov.co.uk/news/2013/06/04/beyond-woolwich-british-attitudes-integration/ | archive-date=16 October 2014 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another YouGov poll conducted in 2015 found that 55% of the British public believed there was a fundamental clash between Islam and the values of British society. Only 22% believed British values and Islam were generally compatible.<ref>{{cite web |title=The majority of voters doubt that Islam is compatible with British values |url=https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/11949-majority-voters-doubt-islam-compatible-british-val |publisher=YouGov |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, in light of a growing number of radicalised [[United Kingdom and the Islamic State|British Muslims joining ISIS to fight in Syria]], a [[Survation]] poll for [[Sky News]] found that 70% of non-Muslims in the UK believed that British Muslims were not doing enough to integrate into British society, 44% became more suspicious of Muslims and only 30% believed that the values of British society were compatible with Islam. When British Muslims were asked the same questions, over four in five believed that Islamic values were compatible with British society and 71% believed that British Muslims were doing enough to integrate into British society.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Muslims: Is the divide increasing? |url=https://www.survation.com/british-muslims-is-the-divide-increasing/ |work=Survation |date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

In polling conducted by [[ComRes]] in 2016, only 28% of those surveyed believed that Islam was compatible with British values. 72% agreed with the statement that "most people in the UK have a negative view of Islam" and 43% believed that Islam was a negative force in the UK. Younger people were more likely to say they have a better understanding of Islam and hold less negative views.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK attitudes towards Islam 'concerning' after survey of 2,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-36346886 |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmadi Muslims – Perceptions of the Caliphate |url=http://www.comres.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ahmadi-Muslims_Perceptions-of-the-Caliphate.pdf |publisher=ComRes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607190319/http://www.comres.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ahmadi-Muslims_Perceptions-of-the-Caliphate.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

A survey conducted in 2017 by [[Chatham House]] revealed widespread opposition to Muslim immigration across the UK. 47% were opposed to further Muslim immigration meanwhile 23% disagreed with stopping further migration from mainly Muslim countries. This opposition figure was lower than in other European countries, Austria: 65%; Belgium: 64%; France: 61%; Germany: 53%; Italy: 51%, and lower than the European average of 55%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|website=chathamhouse.org|date=7 February 2017|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, a survey conducted by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 78% of Britons had a favourable view of Muslims, while 18% had an unfavourable view of Muslims. This was the most favourable in [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/|title=EUROPEAN PUBLIC OPINION THREE DECADES AFTER THE FALL OF COMMUNISM - 6. Minority groups|date=14 October 2019|access-date=26 September 2021|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Poushter|first2=Jacob|last3=Silver|first3=Laura|last4=Devlin|first4=Kat|last5=Fetterolf|first5=Janell|last6=Castillo|first6=Alexandra|last7=Huang|first7=Christine}}</ref>

A 2021 study published by the [[University of Birmingham]] found that Muslims are the British public's second ‘least liked’ group, after Gypsy and [[Irish Travellers]] with 25.9% of the British public holding negative views towards Muslims and 23.5% holding a positive view.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Jessica |title=Middle-class Britons more likely to be biased about Islam, finds survey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/25/middle-class-britons-more-likely-to-be-biased-about-islam-finds-survey |work=The Guardian |date=25 January 2022}}</ref> People from middle and upper-class backgrounds were more likely to hold prejudiced views about Islam compared to those from working-class backgrounds. 71% of respondents named Islam as having a more negative impact on society compared to other religions with 18.1% of those surveyed supported banning all Muslim migration to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dinner Table Prejudice: Islamophobia in Contemporary Britain |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/documents/college-artslaw/ptr/90172-univ73-islamophobia-in-the-uk-report-final.pdf |publisher=[[University of Birmingham]] |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, a study by the [[Commission for Countering Extremism]] with polling conducted by [[Ipsos]] found that 38 per cent of Britons felt they had to hold back on expressing their views about Islamic topics. This was the highest figure across all religions, and about twice as high as the comparative figure for Christianity. In the study, Muslims surveyed were more likely than the overall population to think that people should be careful not to offend when talking about Islamic topics (71 per cent compared to 31 per cent overall).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hymas |first1=Charles |title=Talking freely about Islam 'feared more than any other religion' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/07/16/talking-freely-islam-feared-more-any-other-religion-poll-uk/ |work=The Telegraph |date=16 July 2025}}</ref> Islam was also the only religion asked about where more people thought that the religion was protected too much, with 39 per cent believing it was protected "too much" and 18 per cent believing it was protected "too little".<ref>{{cite web |title=CCE Freedom of Expression Survey Findings Report |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/68776afd39d0452326e28f2d/190625+FoE+Survey+FINAL.pdf |publisher=[[Commission for Countering Extremism]] |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

===Islamophobia===
{{main|Islamophobia in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|English Defence League|Muslim patrol incidents in London}}
A survey conducted in 2024 by [[Opinium Research|Opinium]] for ''[[Hope not Hate]]'' found that 30 per cent of the British public believed that Islam was a threat to the British way of life and the existence of [[No-go area|'no-go' zones]] for non-Muslims in European cities. Members of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative party]] were more likely to hold these views, with 58% believing Islam was a threat and 52% believing in the existence of 'no-go' zones.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stacey |first1=Kiran |title=More than half of Tory members in poll say Islam a threat to British way of life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/feb/28/more-than-half-of-tory-members-in-poll-say-islam-a-threat-to-british-way-of-life |work=The Guardian |date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

There have been cases of threats,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/4674273.stm Muslims threatened after bombings] BBC News 12 July 2005</ref> one fatal attack,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Islamophobia blamed for attack|author=Vikram Dood|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 July 2005|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/13/race.july7|access-date=4 April 2010|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829064429/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/13/race.july7|archive-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> and non-fatal attacks on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/beds/bucks/herts/6109056.stm Muslim graves damaged in cemetery] BBC News, 2 November 2006</ref> and mosques.<ref name=arabicnews>{{Cite news|title=Muslim teenager stabbed during attack on UK mosque |publisher=Arabic News |date=3 October 2006 |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/061003/2006100304.html |access-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107111929/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/061003/2006100304.html |archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> In January 2010, a report from the [[University of Exeter]]'s European Muslim Research Centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim [[hate crime]]s has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Media and politicians 'fuel rise in hate crimes against Muslims'|author=Vikram Dood|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 January 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/28/hate-crimes-muslims-media-politicians|access-date=4 April 2010|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909084305/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/28/hate-crimes-muslims-media-politicians|archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Muslims in the UK: beyond the hype|author1=Jonathan Githens-Mazer|author2=Robert Lambert|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 January 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/jan/28/muslims-media-hate-crimes|access-date=4 April 2010|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909073146/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/jan/28/muslims-media-hate-crimes|archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first1=Jonathan |last1=Githens-Mazer |first2=Robert |last2=Lambert |title=Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: a London Case Study |publisher=[[University of Exeter]] |url=http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/publications/Islamophobia_and_Anti-Muslim_Hate_Crime.pdf |access-date=8 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528190239/http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/publications/Islamophobia_and_Anti-Muslim_Hate_Crime.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> However, [[Met Police]] figures showed an 8.5 per cent fall in anti-Muslim crimes between 2009 and 2012, with a spike in 2013 due to the [[murder of Lee Rigby]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/andrew-gilligan/10108098/Muslim-hate-monitor-to-lose-backing.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Andrew | last=Gilligan | title=Muslim hate monitor to lose backing | date=9 June 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425052735/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/andrew-gilligan/10108098/Muslim-hate-monitor-to-lose-backing.html | archive-date=25 April 2018 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the four months following the [[Gaza war|2023 Israel-Gaza conflict]], [[Tell MAMA]] reported a more than three-fold increase in Islamophobic incidents to 2,010, with Muslim women targeted in two-thirds of incidents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Muslim cases surge in UK since Hamas attacks, charity finds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-68374372 |work=BBC News |date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

The emergence of the [[English Defence League]] resulted in demonstrations in English cities with large Muslim populations.<ref name=PVE2010>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUdbVsADpfgC&q=%22English+Defence+League&pg=PA94 |title=Preventing violent extremism: sixth report of session 2009–10 |date= 30 March 2010|publisher=The Stationery Office |access-date=17 September 2011|isbn=9780215545466}}</ref><ref name=Allen>{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=Chris|title=Fear and Loathing: the Political Discourse in Relation to Muslims and Islam in the British Contemporary Setting|journal=Politics and Religion Journal|year=2010|volume=4|issue=2 |pages=221–236|doi=10.54561/prj0402221a |s2cid=55206236 |url=http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina4_broj2/8%20chris%20allen%20vol.iv%20no.2.pdf|access-date=8 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715102515/http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina4_broj2/8%20chris%20allen%20vol.iv%20no.2.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Garland2010>{{cite journal |last1=Garland |first1=Jon |author2=Treadwell, James |title='No Surrender to the Taliban': Football Hooliganism, Islamophobia and the Rise of the English Defence League |journal=Papers from the British Criminology Conference |year=2010 |volume=10 |pages=19–35 |url=http://www.britsoccrim.org/volume10/2010_Garland_Treadwell.pdf |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722095205/http://www.britsoccrim.org/volume10/2010_Garland_Treadwell.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/8200443/English-Defence-League-says-Pastor-Terry-Jones-will-not-speak-at-rally.html |title=Telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=17 September 2011 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128111049/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/8200443/English-Defence-League-says-Pastor-Terry-Jones-will-not-speak-at-rally.html |archive-date=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Helen Carter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/21/inquiry-police-anti-fascist-protester |title=Guardian.co.uk |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=17 September 2011 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917123755/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/21/inquiry-police-anti-fascist-protester |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> The EDL was a right wing, anti Islam<ref name= Allen/><ref name=Garland2010/><ref name=PVE2010 /><ref name="Telegraph-Terry-Jones">{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8200443/English-Defence-League-says-Pastor-Terry-Jones-will-not-speak-at-rally.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=English Defence League says Pastor Terry Jones will not speak at rally | date=14 December 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812215455/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8200443/English-Defence-League-says-Pastor-Terry-Jones-will-not-speak-at-rally.html | archive-date=12 August 2017 | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Helen Carter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/21/inquiry-police-anti-fascist-protester |title=Inquiry: Police, anti-fascist protester |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917123755/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/21/inquiry-police-anti-fascist-protester |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> [[street protest]] movement which opposed what it considers to be a spread of [[Islamism]], [[Sharia]] law and [[Islamic extremism]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name="BBC 20091012">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8303786.stm|title=Under the skin of English Defence League|last=O'Brien|first=Paraic|date=12 October 2009|publisher=BBC Newsnight|access-date=21 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015132422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8303786.stm|archive-date=15 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Maryam Namazie |location= UK |url= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jul/05/sharia-law-religious-courts |title= Sharia, Law, religious courts |work= The Guardian |date= 5 July 2010 |access-date= 17 September 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130915145636/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/jul/05/sharia-law-religious-courts |archive-date= 15 September 2013 |df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = English Defence League's Bradford march banned by Theresa May | url = http://www.metro.co.uk/news/838670-english-defence-leagues-bradford-march-banned-by-theresa-may | newspaper = [[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] | access-date = 7 November 2011 | quote = The right-wing campaign group, which claims to be taking a stand against what it sees as the rise of radical Islam in England, had planned to march through the streets of Bradford on 28 August. | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121006084801/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/838670-english-defence-leagues-bradford-march-banned-by-theresa-may | archive-date = 6 October 2012 | df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Violence erupts at far-right march in Birmingham | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-protest-arrests-idUKTRE5842L620090905 | work = Reuters | date = 5 September 2009 | access-date = 7 November 2011 | quote = A little-known nationalist group calling itself the English Defence League met in the town centre to protest against what they see as Islamic militancy in Britain | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120726091046/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/09/05/uk-britain-protest-arrests-idUKTRE5842L620090905 | archive-date = 26 July 2012 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> The EDL has been described by The Jewish Chronicle as [[Islamophobic]].<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/comment/68801/britain%E2%80%99s-fascists-a-right-state Britain's fascists in a right state] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719014338/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/comment/68801/britain%E2%80%99s-fascists-a-right-state |date=19 July 2012}}. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</ref> The group has faced [[List of English Defence League demonstrations|confrontations]] with various groups, including supporters of [[Unite Against Fascism]] (UAF) and [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]].<ref>[[#Gunning|Gunning (2010)]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-28|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Gunning|reason= }}: p 151–152</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2019}}<ref>Morey, Peter; Yaqin, Amina. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=46v5uCV9JBYC&pg=PA215 ''Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation After 9/11'']. [[Harvard University Press]]. p. 215.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/may/28/anonymous-edl-supporters-information Anonymous-linked groups publish EDL supporters' personal information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628002349/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/may/28/anonymous-edl-supporters-information |date=28 June 2017 }}. Retrieved 2 June 2013.</ref>

===Relations between Muslims and Sikhs===
{{See also|Sikhism in the United Kingdom#Controversies|Islam and Sikhism}}
Most British Muslims, particularly those of South Asian descent, share cultural traditions, histories, and ethnic ties with the British Sikh community, as well as with British Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurharpal |last2=Tatla |first2=Darshan Singh |title=Sikhs in Britain: The making of a community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5O0bZmta-QC&q=muslims&pg=PA1 |publisher=Zed Books |access-date=November 2, 2024 |date=2006|isbn=978-1-84277-717-6 }}</ref> The majority of Sikhs oppose strongly anti-Muslim groups like the [[British National Party|BNP]] and [[English Defence League|EDL]], and the anti-Muslim campaigns of the BNP have been condemned by all leading Sikh organizations.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |last1=Jhutti-Joha |first1=Jagbir |last2=Hundal |first2=Sunny |title=The changing nature of activism among Sikhs in the UK today |newspaper=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/dec/23/race.politics |access-date=November 2, 2024 |page=16 |date=2019}}</ref><ref name="Hindu and Sikh extremists in link w">{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Paul |title=Hindu and Sikh extremists in link with BNP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/dec/23/race.politics |newspaper=The Observer |date=23 December 2001 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> However, it has been reported that some extremists from the Sikh community have aligned themselves with the BNP.<ref name="Hindu and Sikh extremists in link w"/> It has also been noted that some Sikhs adopted prevalent racial prejudices in the West, leading to a variant of Islamophobia within the Sikh community that mirrors broader [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic discourse]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sian |first1=Katy Pal |title=Losing My Religion |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17448727.2013.774707 |journal=Sikh Formations |access-date=November 2, 2024 |date=May 10, 2013|volume=9 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2013.774707 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com"/>

In 2018, Sikh Youth UK's report claimed similarities between the exploitation of young Sikh women and the Rotherham scandal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Layton|first=Josh|date=3 December 2018|title=Sikh girls 'abused by grooming gangs for decades'|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/sikh-girls-abused-grooming-gangs-15492360|access-date=28 April 2021|website=BirminghamLive}}</ref> However, a 2019 critique from two Sikh academics and a UK government report found the allegations to be false and misleading, lacking solid data and promoting historical tensions "designed to whip up fear and hate".<ref name="CockbainTufail2020">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396819895727|doi = 10.1177/0306396819895727|title = Failing victims, fuelling hate: Challenging the harms of the 'Muslim grooming gangs' narrative|year = 2020|last1 = Cockbain|first1 = Ella|last2 = Tufail|first2 = Waqas|journal = Race & Class|volume = 61|issue = 3|pages = 3–32|s2cid = 214197388}}</ref><ref name="Jagbir Jhutti-Johal; Sunny Hundal (August 2019)p15">Jagbir Jhutti-Johal; Sunny Hundal (August 2019). ''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/841033/the-changing-nature-of-activism-among-sikhs-in-the-uk-today-221019.pdf The changing nature of activism among Sikhs in the UK today]''. The Commission For Countering Extremism. University of Birmingham. p. 15. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200217022921/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/841033/the-changing-nature-of-activism-among-sikhs-in-the-uk-today-221019.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</ref> Research by Katy Sian of the University of York further debunked these claims, attributing them to extremist Sikh groups.<ref>Katy Sian (17 October 2017). ''[https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/patriarchy-islamophobia-misogyny-challenging-politics-sikh-youth-uk/ Patriarchy, Islamophobia and Misogyny: On challenging the politics of Sikh Youth UK]''. Ceasefire Magazine. Retrieved 14 March 2020.</ref><ref name=Forced>{{cite journal | title = 'Forced' conversions in the British Sikh diaspora |first = Katy P. |last = Sian |date = 6 July 2011 | journal = South Asian Popular Culture | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–130 | doi=10.1080/14746681003798060|s2cid = 54174845 |url = https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/22953295/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF }}</ref>

During the [[2024 United Kingdom riots]], the Sikh community, along with the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Jews|Jewish]] communities, released statements condemning the Islamophobic rioting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vurli |first1=Aurélien |title=Anti-immigrant riots in the UK: religious leaders advocate for social cohesion |url=https://international.la-croix.com/world/anti-immigrant-riots-in-the-uk-religious-leaders-advocate-for-social-cohesion |website=La croix international |access-date=November 2, 2024 |date=August 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=WILLIAMS |first1=HATTIE |title=Unite against rioters from the far right, faith leaders urge |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/9-august/news/uk/unite-against-rioters-from-the-far-right-faith-leaders-urge |website=Church Times |access-date=November 2, 2024 |date=August 5, 2024}}</ref>

==Notable British Muslim figures==
{{Main list|List of British Muslims}}

===Media and entertainment===
* [[Cat Stevens]], musician
* [[Asad Ahmad]], [[BBC News]] presenter
* [[Riz Ahmed]], [[Academy Award]] winning actor
* [[Mishal Husain]], BBC News presenter 
* [[Riz Lateef]], BBC News presenter
* [[Mehdi Hasan]], Former Aljazeera news reporter and journalist

===Politics===
* [[Waqar Azmi]] OBE, EU Ambassador of Intercultural Dialogue
* [[Sadiq Khan]], Labour Party mayor of London
* [[Humza Yousaf]], Former First Minister of Scotland and Leader of the SNP
* [[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Sayeeda Warsi]], Conservative and Unionist Life Peer and former Cabinet Minister

===Sports===
* [[Moeen Ali]], [[England cricket team|England]] cricketer
* [[Mo Farah]], runner and four-time [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist
* [[Amir Khan (British boxer)|Amir Khan]], world champion boxer
* [[Adil Rashid]], England cricketer
* [[Adam Azim]], British professional boxer
* [[Zidane Iqbal]], British-Iraqi Soccer player 
* [[Zesh Rahman]], former British-Pakistani professional soccer player 
* [[Adil Nabi]], English footballer 
* [[Easah Suliman]], British footballer, captain of the [[Pakistan national football team]]
* [[Hamza Choudhury]], English footballer 
* [[Lutalo Muhammad]], British teakwondo athlete 
* [[Enaam Ahmed]], British-Pakistani motorsports racing driver 
* [[Adil Anwar]], British professional boxer
* [[Hamzah Sheeraz]], British professional boxer 
* [[Haroon Khan (boxer)|Haroon Khan]], British professional boxer and [[Commonwealth Games]] bronze medallist 
* [[Jawaid Khaliq]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] British former professional boxer 
* [[Muhammad Ali (British boxer)|Muhammad Ali]], English professional boxer
* [[Naseem Hamed]], British former professional boxer
* [[Adam Gemili]], British sprinter and runner

===Religion===
* Syed [[Abdul Qadir Jilani (Pakistani scholar)|Abdul Qadir Jilani]], Pakistani Sunni scholar and jurist
* Allama [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]], Leader of [[World Islamic Mission]]
* [[Shaykh Muhammad al-Ya’qoubi]] of [[Al-Mustafa Centre]]
* [[Muhammad Arshad Misbahi]] Imam of [[Manchester Central Mosque]]
* [[Abdul Qayum (imam)|Sheikh Abdul Qayum]], Chief Imam of [[East London Mosque]]
* [[Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq]], [[khateeb]] of [[Birmingham Central Mosque]]
* [[Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi]], principal of [[Hijaz College]]
* [[Ajmal Masroor]], imam and politician
* [[Haitham al-Haddad]], British Muslim television host
* [[Ibrahim Mogra]], Leicester imam
* [[Joel Hayward]], New Zealand-born British Islamic scholar
* [[Timothy Winter]], Dean of [[Cambridge Muslim College]] and Director of Studies at [[Cambridge University]]

===Philanthropy===
* [[Muhammad Abdul Bari]], secretary of [[Muslim Aid]]

==Notable mosques==
{{see also|List of mosques in the United Kingdom|:Category:Mosques in the United Kingdom}}
* [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking|Shah Jahan Mosque]], Woking – Britain's first mosque
* [[Baitul Futuh Mosque]], London – Britain and Western Europe's largest mosque complex
* [[Cambridge Central Mosque]], Europe's first eco-friendly mosque and the first purpose-built mosque within the city of Cambridge
* [[Ghamkol Shariff Masjid]], Birmingham
* [[Manchester Central Mosque]], Manchester
* [[Madina Mosque (Sheffield)]], Sheffield
* [[Green Lane Masjid]], Birmingham
* [[Markazi Mosque]], Dewsbury – Headquarters of the [[Tablighi Jamaat|Tablighi Jama'at]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Al-Rahma Mosque]], Liverpool
* [[Jamea Masjid, Preston|Jamea Masjid]], Preston
* [[Birmingham Central Mosque]]
* [[East London Mosque]], London
* [[Leeds Grand Mosque]], Leeds
* [[Finsbury Park Mosque]], London
* [[Abbey Mills Mosque]], London
* [[Glasgow Central Mosque]], Glasgow
<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
Green Lane Mosque sym.jpg|[[Green Lane Masjid]], [[Birmingham]]
Front View of Jamea Masjid.gif|[[Jamea Masjid, Preston|Jamea Masjid]] in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], known for its architectural design
London Central Mosque3.JPG|The [[London Central Mosque]], built in 1977
Jamia Masjid Ahl E Hadith and Moorgate A H Community Centre - geograph.org.uk - 2250123.jpg|Jamia Masjid Ahl-e Hadith and Moorgate Ahl-e Hadith community centre, [[Rotherham]], South Yorkshire
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|United Kingdom}}
* [[The Muslim Vote]]
* [[Islam in England]]
* [[Islam in London]]
* [[Islam in Birmingham]]
* [[Islam in Northern Ireland]]
* [[Islam in Scotland]]
* [[Islam in Wales]]
* [[Islam in the Republic of Ireland]]
* [[Islam in Europe]]
* [[Islam in France]]
* [[List of British Muslims]]
* [[Muslims in Western Europe]]
* [[Religion in Europe]]
* [[Religion in the United Kingdom]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Cassia|first=Paul Sant|year=2007|title= Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-228-5}}
* {{citation |last=Communities and Local Government |year=2009a |title=The Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities |url=https://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203710.pdf |publisher=Communities and Local Government |isbn=978-1-4098-1267-8 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012220300/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203710.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}
* {{citation |last=Sonyel |first=Salahi R. |year=2000 |url=https://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Salahi-Sonyel.pdf |title=Turkish Migrants in Europe |journal=Perceptions |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |volume=5 |issue=Sept.–Nov. 00 |pages=146–153 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310100923/http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Salahi-Sonyel.pdf |url-status=dead}}

==Further reading==
* Koenig, Matthias. "Incorporating Muslim migrants in Western nation states—a comparison of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany." in Marian Burchardt & Ines Michalowski, eds.,  ''After Integration'' (Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015) pp.&nbsp;43–58.
* Lewicki, Aleksandra, and Therese O’Toole. "Acts and practices of citizenship: Muslim women's activism in the UK. ''Ethnic and Racial Studies'' 40#1 (2017): 152-171.
* Lewicki, Aleksandra. ''Social Justice Through Citizenship?: The Politics of Muslim Integration in Germany and Great Britain'' (Springer, 2014).
* Lewis, Valerie A., and Ridhi Kashyap. "Piety in a Secular Society: Migration, Religiosity, and Islam in Britain." ''International Migration'' 51#3 (2013): 57–66.
* Model, Suzanne, and Lang Lin. "The cost of not being Christian: Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims in Britain and Canada." ''International Migration Review'' 36#4 (2002): 1061–1092.
* Peach, Ceri, and Richard Gale. "Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs in the new religious landscape of England." ''Geographical Review'' 93#4 (2003): 469–490.
* Asbali, Nadeine ''[https://www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/veiled-threat Veiled Threat: On being visibly Muslim in Britain]'' (Biteback Publishing, 2024)

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml BBC: Islam and Britain Before the 20th Century]
* [https://www.mcb.org.uk Muslim Council of Britain]
* Hassan Mahamdallie [https://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=288&issue=113 "Muslim working class struggles"], ''[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]'', 4 January 2007
* [https://www.MuslimsInBritain.org Muslims In Britain, Guide and Directory]

{{Islam in Europe}}
{{Mosques in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Islam in the United Kingdom| ]]