View source for Hypersexuality

{{Short description|Excessive arousal and interest in sex}}
{{distinguish|Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Nymphomaniac|Sex maniac|the films|Nymphomaniac (film){{!}}''Nymphomaniac'' (film)|and|Sex Maniac (film){{!}}''Sex Maniac'' (film)}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Hypersexuality
| synonyms        =
| image           =
| width           =
| alt             =
| caption         =
| pronounce       =
| field           = [[Psychiatry]]
| symptoms        =
| complications   =
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           =
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =
| deaths          =
}}

'''Hypersexuality''' is a proposed medical condition said to cause unwanted or excessive [[sexual arousal]], causing people to engage in or think about [[sexual activity]] to a point of [[mental distress|distress]] or [[Disability|impairment]].<ref name=ps.today>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/conditions/hypersexuality-sex-addiction|title=hypersexuality}}, according to the website of ''[[Psychology Today]]'', 2021.</ref> Whether it should be a [[clinical diagnosis]] used by [[mental health]]care professionals is controversial.<ref name=ps.today/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Tuijl |first1=Piet |last2=Tamminga |first2=Aerjen |last3=Meerkerk |first3=Gert-Jan |last4=Verboon |first4=Peter |last5=Leontjevas |first5=Ruslan |last6=van Lankveld |first6=Jacques |date=Sep 21, 2020 |title=Three Diagnoses for Problematic Hypersexuality; Which Criteria Predict Help-Seeking Behavior? |journal= International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=17 |issue=18 |page=6907 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17186907 |doi-access=free |issn=1661-7827 |pmc=7559359 |pmid=32967307}}</ref> '''[[Nymph]]omania''' and '''[[satyr]]iasis''' are terms previously used for the condition in women and men, respectively.

Hypersexuality may be a primary condition, or the symptom of other medical conditions, such as [[Klüver–Bucy syndrome]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (or [[Complex post-traumatic stress disorder|C-PTSD]]), [[bipolar disorder]], [[brain injury]], and [[dementia]]. Hypersexuality may also be a side effect of medication, such as [[dopaminergic]] drugs used to treat [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Meg S. |last2=Krueger |first2=Richard B. |date=2010-03-24 |title=Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment of Hypersexuality |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224491003592863 |journal=Journal of Sex Research |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2–3 |pages=181–198 |doi=10.1080/00224491003592863 |pmid=20358460 |s2cid=37602962 |issn=0022-4499|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The prevalence and clinical characteristics of hypersexuality in patients with Parkinson's disease following dopaminergic therapy: A systematic literature review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353802016300451 |journal= Parkinsonism & Related Disorders|date=April 2016 |volume=25 |pages=10–16 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.02.017 |last1=Nakum |first1=Shivanee |last2=Cavanna |first2=Andrea E. |pmid=26923525 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Frontal lesions caused by brain injury, strokes, and frontal lobotomy are thought to cause hypersexuality in individuals who have suffered these events.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/> Clinicians have yet to reach a consensus over how best to describe hypersexuality as a primary condition,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.007|title=Classifying Hypersexual Disorders: Compulsive, Impulsive, and Addictive Models |year=2008 |last1=Stein |first1=Dan J. |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=587–591 |pmid=18996299 |s2cid=9083474 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://66.199.228.237/boundary/Sexual_Addiction/sexual_addiction_sexual_compulsivity_sexual_impulsivity_or_what_toward_a_theoretical_model.pdf |doi=10.1080/00224490409552230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205020328/http://66.199.228.237/boundary/Sexual_Addiction/sexual_addiction_sexual_compulsivity_sexual_impulsivity_or_what_toward_a_theoretical_model.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-05|title=Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model |year=2004 |last1=Bancroft |first1=John |last2=Vukadinovic |first2=Zoran |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=225–234 |pmid=15497051 |s2cid=3493468 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| author       = Coleman, E.
| author-link  = Eli Coleman
| date         = July 1986
| title        = Sexual Compulsion vs. Sexual Addiction: The Debate Continues
| journal      = [[SIECUS Report]]
| volume       = 14
| issue        = 6
| pages        = 7–11
| access-date  = 2012-10-15
| url          = https://ahcaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/14-6.pdf
}}</ref> or the suitability of describing such behaviors and impulses as a separate pathology.

Hypersexual behaviors are viewed by clinicians and therapists as a type of [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] (OCD) or [[obsessive–compulsive spectrum]] disorder, an [[addiction]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orford |first=J. |title=Excessive appetites: A psychological view of the addictions |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=1985 |location=Chichester, England}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=Weiss |title=The Final Freedom: Pioneering Sexual Addiction Recovery |date=1998 |publisher=Discovery Press |isbn=978-1-881292-37-1 |location=Fort Worth, Tex. |pages=13–14 |oclc=38983487}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Carnes |first=P. |title=Out of the shadows: Understanding sexual addiction |publisher=CompCare |year=1983 |location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref> or an [[impulse-control disorder]]. A number of authors do not acknowledge such a pathology,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00926231003719681 |doi-access=free|title=What is Sexual Addiction? |year=2010 |last1=Levine |first1=Stephen B. |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=261–275 |pmid=20432125 }}</ref> and instead assert that the condition merely reflects a cultural dislike of exceptional sexual behavior.<ref name=Levine1988 /><ref name=Rinehart1997>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02674659708408201|doi=10.1080/02674659708408201|title=Hypersexuality: Psychopathology or normal variant of sexuality?|year=1997|last1=Rinehart|first1=Nicole J.|last2=McCabe|first2=Marita P.|journal=Sexual and Marital Therapy|volume=12|pages=45–60|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Consistent with having no consensus over what causes hypersexuality,<ref name=Kafka2010 /> authors have used many different labels to refer to it, sometimes interchangeably, but often depending on which theory they favor or which specific behavior they have studied or researched; related or obsolete terms include [[compulsive masturbation]], [[compulsive sexual behaviour disorder|compulsive sexual behavior]],<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00926238508406078|title=Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Definition of a Problem and an Approach to Treatment |year=1985 |last1=Quadland |first1=Michael C. |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |pmid=4009729 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coleman |first=E. |year=1990 |title=The obsessive–compulsive model for describing compulsive sexual behavior |url=https://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/sites/sexualhealth.umn.edu/files/coleman_1990_obsessive-compulsive_model_for_describing_csb_am_j_preventive_psychiatry_neurology.pdf |journal=American Journal of Preventive Psychiatry & Neurology |volume=2 |pages=9–14 |access-date=2019-01-08 |archive-date=2019-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100844/https://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/sites/sexualhealth.umn.edu/files/coleman_1990_obsessive-compulsive_model_for_describing_csb_am_j_preventive_psychiatry_neurology.pdf }}</ref> [[Internet sex addiction|cybersex addiction]], [[erotomania]], "excessive sexual drive",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F52.7 |title=ICD-10 entry for "Excessive sexual drive". |publisher=Apps.who.int |access-date=2012-06-22}}</ref> hyperphilia,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Money |first=J. |title=Love and love sickness. The science of sex, gender difference, and pair bonding |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |location=Baltimore, MD}}</ref> hypersexuality,<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/49/8/867.full.pdf |doi=10.1136/jnnp.49.8.867 |doi-access=free|title=Hypersexuality or altered sexual preference following brain injury |year=1986 |last1=Miller |first1=B. L. |last2=Cummings |first2=J. L. |last3=McIntyre |first3=H. |last4=Ebers |first4=G. |last5=Grode |first5=M. |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=867–873 |pmid=3746322 |pmc=1028946 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00157.x|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00157.x|title=Hypersexuality: Implications for a Theory of Dependence|year=1978|last1=Orford|first1=Jim|journal=Addiction|volume=73|issue=3|pages=299–310|pmid=280354|url-access=subscription}}</ref> hypersexual disorder,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1097/00131746-200111000-00005|title=The Paraphilic and Hypersexual Disorders: An Overview |year=2001 |last1=Krueger |first1=Richard B. |last2=Kaplan |first2=Meg S. |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Practice |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=391–403 |pmid=15990552 |s2cid=17478379 }}</ref> problematic hypersexuality,<ref name="Kingston2008">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/10720160802289249|title=Problematic Hypersexuality: A Review of Conceptualization and Diagnosis |year=2008 |last1=Kingston |first1=Drew A. |last2=Firestone |first2=Philip |journal=Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=284–310 |s2cid=53418034 }}</ref> [[sexual addiction]], sexual compulsivity,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00224490409552241|title=Sexual compulsivity among heterosexual college students |year=2004 |last1=Dodge |first1=Brian |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Cole |first3=Sara L. |last4=Sandfort |first4=Theo G. M. |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=343–350 |pmid=15765274 |pmc=3331786 }}</ref> sexual dependency,<ref name=Rinehart1997 /> sexual impulsivity,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kafka |first=M. P. |title=Impulsivity and aggression |publisher=John Wiley |year=1995b |editor-last=Hollander |editor-first=E. |location=Chichester, England |pages=201–228 |chapter=Sexual impulsivity |editor-last2=Stein |editor-first2=D. J.}}</ref> and [[paraphilia]]-related disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10673229409017112|doi=10.3109/10673229409017112|title=Paraphilia-Related Disorders{{snd}}Common, Neglected, and Misunderstood|year=1994|last1=Kafka|first1=Martin P.|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=2|issue=1|pages=39–40|pmid=9384878|s2cid=45257740|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kafka |first=M. P. |title=Principles and practice of sex therapy |publisher=Guilford Press |year=2000 |editor-last=Leiblum |editor-first=S. R. |edition=3rd |location=New York |pages=471–503 |chapter=The paraphilia-related disorders: Nonparaphilic hypersexuality and sexual compulsivity/addiction |editor-last2=Rosen |editor-first2=R. C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247501817 |doi=10.1080/107201601753459937|title=The Paraphilia-Related Disorders: A Proposal for a Unified Classification of Nonparaphilic Hypersexuality Disorders |year=2001 |last1=Kafka |first1=Martin P. |journal=Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity |volume=8 |issue=3–4 |pages=227–239 |s2cid=144675897 }}</ref>

Due to the controversy surrounding the diagnosis of hypersexuality, there is no generally accepted definition and measurement for hypersexuality, making it difficult to determine its prevalence. Thus, prevalence can vary depending on how it is defined and measured. Overall, hypersexuality is estimated to affect 2–6% of the population, and may be higher in certain populations like men, those who have been traumatized, and sex offenders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Michael T. |last2=Cantor |first2=James M. |last3=Bhullar |first3=Navjot |last4=Lykins |first4=Amy D. |date=2017-11-01 |title=Hypersexuality: A Critical Review and Introduction to the "Sexhavior Cycle" |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=2231–2251 |doi=10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8 |pmid=28687897 |s2cid=207092880 |issn=1573-2800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bőthe |first1=Beáta |last2=Bartók |first2=Réka |last3=Tóth-Király |first3=István |last4=Reid |first4=Rory C. |last5=Griffiths |first5=Mark D. |last6=Demetrovics |first6=Zsolt |last7=Orosz |first7=Gábor |date=2018-11-01 |title=Hypersexuality, Gender, and Sexual Orientation: A Large-Scale Psychometric Survey Study |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2265–2276 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1201-z |pmid=29926261 |s2cid=49333993 |issn=1573-2800}}</ref><ref name="tandfonline.com"/>

==Causes==
There is little consensus among experts as to the causes of hypersexuality. Some research suggests that some cases can be linked to biochemical or physiological changes that accompany [[dementia]], as dementia can lead to disinhibition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cipriani |first1=Gabriele |last2=Ulivi |first2=Martina |last3=Danti |first3=Sabrina |last4=Lucetti |first4=Claudio |last5=Nuti |first5=Angelo |date=March 2016 |title=Sexual disinhibition and dementia: Sexual disinhibition and dementia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psyg.12143 |journal=Psychogeriatrics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1111/psyg.12143|pmid=26215977 |s2cid=43886263 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Psychological needs also complicate the biological explanation, which identifies the temporal/frontal lobe of the brain as the area for regulating libido. Injuries to this part of the brain increase the risk of aggressive behavior and other behavioral problems including personality changes and  sexual behavior such as hypersexuality or [[pedophilia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Karen M. DNS, RN, CS, FAAN|title=Understanding Hypersexuality: A Behavioral Disorder of Dementia|journal=Home Healthcare Nurse|date=January 2003|volume=21|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.1097/00004045-200301000-00010|pmid=12544463|s2cid=35691077}}</ref> The same symptom can occur after unilateral temporal [[lobotomy]].<ref name=Devinsky>{{cite journal|last1=Devinsky|first1=Julie|first2=Oliver |last2=Devinsk |first3=Orrin |last3=Sacks |title=Neurocase: The Neural Basis of Cognition|journal=Klüver–Bucy Syndrome, Hypersexuality, and the Law|date=18 Nov 2009|volume=16|issue=2|pages=140–145|doi=10.1080/13554790903329182|pmid=19927260|s2cid=23738965}}</ref> There are other biological factors that are associated with hypersexuality such as premenstrual changes, and the exposure to [[Virilization|virilising]] hormones in childhood or in utero.<ref name=":0" />

=== Physiology ===
In research involving the use of [[antiandrogen]]s to reduce undesirable sexual behaviour such as hypersexuality, testosterone has been found to be necessary, but not sufficient, for sexual drive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/09585189508409891|title = Hypersexuality revisited| journal=The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry| volume=6| issue=2| pages=255–258|year = 1995|last1 = Catalan|first1 = Jose| last2=Singh| first2=Ashok}}</ref> A lack of physical closeness and forgetfulness of the recent past were proposed as other potential factors (specifically in the context of hypersexual behavior exhibited by people suffering from [[dementia]]).<ref name=Robinson2003 />

Pathogenic overactivity of the [[dopaminergic]] [[mesolimbic pathway]] in the brain—forming either psychiatrically, during [[mania]],<ref name="mania">{{cite journal
| last1 = Silverstone T
| title = Dopamine in manic depressive illness. A pharmacological synthesis
| journal = Journal of Affective Disorders
| volume = 8
| pages = 225–231
| year = 1985
| pmid=2862169
| first1 = T
| issue = 3
| doi = 10.1016/0165-0327(85)90020-5
}}</ref> or pharmacologically, as a side effect of [[dopamine agonist]]s, specifically [[Dopamine receptor D3|D<sub>3</sub>]]-preferring agonists<ref name="D3I">{{cite web |url= https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203739.html |title= MedlinePlus Drug Information: Pramipexole (Systemic) |access-date= 2006-09-27 |publisher= [[United States National Library of Medicine]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060926023858/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203739.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-09-26}}</ref><ref name="D3II">{{cite journal |year=1995 |title=Bromocriptine and psychosis: A literature review|journal=Psychiatric Quarterly |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=87–95 |doi=10.1007/BF02238717 |pmid= 7701022|last1=Boyd|first1=Alan|s2cid=29539691}}</ref>—is associated with various [[addiction]]s<ref name="fn5">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arias-Carrión O, Pöppel E | title = Dopamine, learning and reward-seeking behavior | journal = Acta Neurobiol Exp | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–488 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.55782/ane-2007-1664 | pmid = 18320725 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NestlerArticle">{{cite journal | title = Is There A Common Molecular Pathway For Addiction? | doi = 10.1038/nn1578 | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = 1445–1449 | year = 2005 | url=http://dept.wofford.edu/neuroscience/NeuroSeminar/pdfSpring2006/a7.pdf | pmid = 16251986 | last1 = Nestler | first1 = Eric J. | s2cid = 6120032 }}</ref> and has been shown to result among some in overindulgent, sometimes hypersexual, behavior.<ref name="mania" /><ref name="D3I" /><ref name="D3II" /> [[HPA axis]] dysregulation has been associated with hypersexual disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid = 26519779|year = 2016|last1 = Chatzittofis|first1 = A.|last2 = Arver|first2 = S.|last3 = Öberg|first3 = K.|last4 = Hallberg|first4 = J.|last5 = Nordström|first5 = P.|last6 = Jokinen|first6 = J.|title = HPA axis dysregulation in men with hypersexual disorder|journal = Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume = 63|pages = 247–253|doi = 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.002|hdl = 10616/45066|s2cid = 44319298|hdl-access = free}}</ref>

The American Association for Sex Addiction Therapy acknowledges biological factors as contributing causes of sex addiction. Other associated factors include psychological components (which affect mood and motivation as well as psychomotor and cognitive functions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/knowledge/fatique/introduction/psychological_components_en|title=Psychological components|website=Mobility and transport – European Commission|language=en|access-date=2018-06-18|date=2016-10-17}}</ref>), spiritual control, mood disorders, sexual trauma, and [[sexual anorexia]] as causes or types of sex addiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aasat.org/|title=American Association For Sex Addiction Therapy|website=aasat.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}

Multiple studies link hypersexuality and [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doroldi |first=Davide |last2=Jannini |first2=Tommaso B. |last3=Tafà |first3=Mimma |last4=Del Casale |first4=Antonio |last5=Ciocca |first5=Giacomo |date=2024-04-01 |title=ADHD and hypersexual behaviors: The role of impulsivity, depressive feelings, hypomaniacal symptoms and psychotic prodromes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666915324000155 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders Reports |volume=16 |article-number=100730 |doi=10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100730 |issn=2666-9153|hdl=11573/1699877 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>  Like other related conditions, ADHD is heavily related to [[dopamine]] levels and [[Dopaminergic pathways|pathways]].

==As a symptom==
Hypersexuality is known to present itself as a symptom in connection to a number of mental and neurological disorders. Some people with [[borderline personality disorder]] (sometimes referred to as BPD) can be markedly impulsive, seductive, and extremely sexual. [[Sexual promiscuity]], [[sexual obsessions]], and hypersexuality are very common symptoms for both men and women with BPD. On occasion for some there can be extreme forms of [[Paraphilia|paraphilic drives and desires]]. "Borderline" patients, due in the opinion of some to the use of [[Splitting (psychology)|splitting]], experience love and [[sexuality]] in unstable ways.<ref name=beyond>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Stephen|title=Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought|year=1995|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-01405-7|url=https://archive.org/details/freudbeyondhisto00mitc|url-access=registration|author-link=Stephen A. Mitchell (psychologist)}}</ref>

People with [[bipolar disorder]] may often display tremendous swings in sex drive depending on their mood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanigan |first=Robin L. |date=2021-06-02 |title=Help for Hypersexuality—When Impulsive Behavior Becomes a Problem |url=https://www.bphope.com/help-for-hypersexuality/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=bpHope.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Hypersexuality and couple relationships in bipolar disorder: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032715306649 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|date=May 2016 |volume=195 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.035 |last1=Kopeykina |first1=Irina |last2=Kim |first2=Hae-Joon |last3=Khatun |first3=Tasnia |last4=Boland |first4=Jennifer |last5=Haeri |first5=Sophia |last6=Cohen |first6=Lisa J. |last7=Galynker |first7=Igor I. |pmid=26851616 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> As defined in the [[DSM-IV-TR]], hypersexuality can be a symptom of [[hypomania]] or [[mania]] in [[bipolar disorder]] or [[schizoaffective disorder]]. [[Pick's disease]] causes damage to the temporal/frontal lobe of the brain; people with Pick's disease show a range of socially inappropriate behaviors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=J. L.|title=Dementia: A clinical approach (2nd ed)|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Boston}}</ref>

Several neurological conditions such as [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[autism spectrum|autism]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = M. C. | last2 = Okere | first2 = K. | doi = 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318180b3de | title = Treatment of Hypersexual Behavior with Oral Estrogen in an Autistic Male | journal = Southern Medical Journal | volume = 101 | issue = 9 | pages = 959–960 | year = 2008 | pmid =  18708975| s2cid = 27225525 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhikav V, Anand K, Aggarwal N | title = Grossly disinhibited sexual behavior in dementia of Alzheimer's type | journal = [[Arch Sex Behav]] | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–4 |date=April 2007 | pmid = 17308974 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9144-1 | s2cid = 19434520 }}</ref> various types of brain injury,<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.49.8.867 |vauthors=Miller BL, Cummings JL, McIntyre H, Ebers G, Grode M | title = Hypersexuality or altered sexual preference following brain injury | journal = [[J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry]] | volume = 49 | issue = 8 | pages = 867–73 |date=August 1986 | pmid = 3746322 | pmc = 1028946 }}</ref> [[Klüver–Bucy syndrome]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Kl%C3%BCver-Bucy-Syndrome-Information-Page|title=NINDS Klüver–Bucy Syndrome Information Page|author=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=2009-10-10|archive-date=2017-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104204845/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Kl%C3%BCver-Bucy-Syndrome-Information-Page}}</ref> [[Kleine–Levin syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnulf I, Zeitzer JM, File J, Farber N, Mignot E | title = Kleine–Levin syndrome: a systematic review of 186 cases in the literature |journal = [[Brain (journal)|Brain]] | volume = 128 | issue = Pt 12 | pages = 2763–76 |date=December 2005 | pmid = 16230322 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awh620 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[epilepsy]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Peter |last2=Fowler |first2=Clare |last3=Maas |first3=Cornelis |date=2007 |title=Sexual function in men and women with neurological disorders |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)60238-4/abstract |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9560|pages=512–525 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60238-4 |pmid=17292771 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and many neurodegenerative diseases can cause hypersexual behavior. Sexually inappropriate behavior has been shown to occur in 7–8% of Alzheimer's patients living at home, at a care facility or in a hospital setting. Hypersexuality has also been reported to result as a side-effect of some medications used to treat [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Vogel | first1=H. P. | last2=Schiffter | first2=R. | year=1983 | title=Hypersexuality: A complication of dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease | journal=Pharmacopsychiatria | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=107–110 | pmid=6685318 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1017459| s2cid=1107353 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Uitti | first1=Ryan J. | last2=Tanner | first2=C. M. | last3=Rajput | first3=A. H. | last4=Goetz | first4=C. G. | last5=Klawans | first5=H. L. | last6=Thiessen | first6=B. | year=1989 | title=Hypersexuality with antiparkinsonian therapy | journal=[[Clinical Neuropharmacology]] | volume=12 | issue=5 | pages=375–383 | pmid=2575449 | doi=10.1097/00002826-198910000-00002 }}</ref> Some [[recreational drug use|recreationally used drugs]], such as [[methamphetamine]], may also contribute to hypersexual behavior.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=1525267 | year=2006 | last1=Mansergh | first1=G. | last2=Purcell | first2=D. W. | last3=Stall | first3=R. | last4=McFarlane | first4=M. | last5=Semaan | first5=S. | last6=Valentine | first6=J. | last7=Valdiserri | first7=R. | title=CDC Consultation on Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Risk Behavior for HIV/STD Infection: Summary and Suggestions | journal=Public Health Reports | volume=121 | issue=2 | pages=127–132 | doi=10.1177/003335490612100205 |doi-access=free | pmid=16528944 }}</ref>

A positive link between the severity of dementia and occurrence of hypersexual behavior has also been found.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burns|first=A. |author2=Jacoby, R. |author3=Levy, R.|title=Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. IV: Disorders of behavior.|journal=British Journal of Psychiatry|year=1990|volume=157|pages=86–94|pmid=2397368|doi=10.1192/bjp.157.1.86|s2cid=28199198 }}<!--|access-date=19 March 2013--></ref> Hypersexuality can be caused by dementia in a number of ways, including [[disinhibition]] due to organic disease, misreading of social cues, [[Low arousal theory|understimulation]], the persistence of learned sexual behavior after other behaviours have been lost, and the side-effects of the drugs used to treat dementia.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Series | first1 = H. | last2 = Dégano | first2 = P. | title = Hypersexuality in dementia | journal = Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | page = 424 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1192/apt.11.6.424}}</ref> Other possible causes of dementia-related hypersexuality include an inappropriately expressed psychological need for [[intimacy]] and forgetfulness of the recent past.<ref name="Robinson2003" /> As this illness progresses, increasing hypersexuality has been theorized to sometimes compensate for declining self-esteem and cognitive function.<ref name="Robinson2003">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10937151 |doi=10.1097/00004045-200301000-00010|title=Understanding Hypersexuality |year=2003 |last1=Robinson |first1=Karen M. |journal=Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=43–47 |pmid=12544463 |s2cid=35691077 }}</ref>

Symptoms of hypersexuality are also similar to those of sexual addiction in that they embody similar traits. These symptoms include the inability to be intimate (intimacy anorexia), depression and bipolar disorders.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Final Freedom: Pioneering Sexual Addiction Recovery|last=Douglas.|first=Weiss|date=1998|publisher=Discovery Press|isbn=978-1-881292-37-1|location=Fort Worth, Tex.|pages=31–34|oclc=38983487}}</ref> The resulting hypersexuality may have an impact in the person's social and occupational domains if the underlying symptoms have a large enough systemic influence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Final Freedom: Pioneering Sexual Addiction Recovery|last=Douglas.|first=Weiss|date=1998|publisher=Discovery Press|isbn=978-1-881292-37-1|location=Fort Worth, Tex.|pages=87–88, 92–93|oclc=38983487}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sex Addiction: 6 Types and Treatment|last=Weiss|first=Douglas|publisher=Discovery Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-881292-36-4|location=Fort Worth, Texas|page=33}}</ref>

==As a disorder==
{{Main|Sexual addiction|Hypersexual disorder}}

In 2010, a proposal to add ''[[Sexual addiction|Sexual Addiction]]'' to the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) system failed to get support from the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2010-02-10-dsm10_ST_N.htm | work=USA Today | first=Rita | last=Rubin | title=Psychiatry's bible: Autism, binge-eating updates proposed for 'DSM' | date=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-02-10/entertainment/27055937_1_autism-mental-disorders-mental-illness |location=New York |work=Daily News |title=Black Friday deals for Target, H&M, Forever21, Old Navy, Radio Shack and more |date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055212/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-02-10/entertainment/27055937_1_autism-mental-disorders-mental-illness |archive-date=July 27, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/brain-and-behavior/articles/2010/02/10/new-diagnostic-guidelines-for-mental-illnesses-proposed |title=New Diagnostic Guidelines for Mental Illnesses Proposed|publisher=Health.usnews.com |date=2010-02-10 |access-date=2012-06-22}}</ref> The DSM does include an entry called Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Sexual Disorder NOS) to apply to, among other conditions, "distress about a pattern of repeated sexual relationships involving a succession of lovers who are experienced by the individual only as things to be used".<ref name="APA2000">{{Cite book |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) |year=2000 |volume=1 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |isbn=0-89042-334-2 }}</ref> {{As of|December 2024}} the DSM-5-TR does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction.<ref name="Martinez-Gilliard 2023 p. 113">{{cite book | last=Martinez-Gilliard | first=Erin | title=Sex, Social Justice, and Intimacy in Mental Health Practice: Incorporating Sexual Health in Approaches to Wellness | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-000-84578-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1yqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT113 | access-date=5 March 2023 | page=unpaginated | quote='Sex addiction' is also referred to as a diagnosis or presenting problem. Sex addiction is not a diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR and identified as Compulsive Sexual Behavior in the ICD-11 rather than an issue of addiction.}}</ref>

The [[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]] ([[ICD-10]]) of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), included two relevant entries. One is "Excessive Sexual Drive" (coded F52.7),<ref name="ICD-10">{{cite web|url=http://thcc.or.th/ICD-10TM/gf50.htm |title=2012 ICD-10 Diagnosis Code F52.7: Excessive sexual drive |access-date=2013-02-22}}</ref> which is divided into satyriasis for males and nymphomania for females. The other is "Excessive Masturbation" or "Onanism (excessive)" (coded F98.8).<ref name="icd10data_a">{{cite web|url=http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F90-F98/F98-/F98.8 |title=2012 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F98.8: Other specified behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence |publisher=Icd10data.com |access-date=2012-06-22}}</ref>

In 1988, Levine and Troiden questioned whether it makes sense to discuss hypersexuality at all, arguing that labeling sexual urges "extreme" merely stigmatizes people who do not conform to the [[Norm (social)|norms]] of their culture or peer group, and that sexual compulsivity was a myth.<ref name=Levine1988>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=M. P. |last2=Troiden |first2=R. R. |year=1988 |title=The Myth of Sexual Compulsivity |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/24115543/The-Myth-of-Sexual-Compulsivity |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=347–363 |doi=10.1080/00224498809551467 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174943/http://www.scribd.com/doc/24115543/The-Myth-of-Sexual-Compulsivity |archive-date=2014-02-02 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, and in contrast to this view, 30 years later in 2018, the [[ICD-11]] created a new classification, [[compulsive sexual behaviour disorder]], to cover "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour". It classifies this "failure to control" as an abnormal mental health condition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/10/health/compulsive-sexual-behavior-mental-health-condition/index.html|title=WHO classifies compulsive sexual behavior as mental health condition|first=Jen |last=Christensen|work=CNN|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1630268048|title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics|website=icd.who.int|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

== Risks ==
Individuals with hypersexuality are at a higher risk for various negative consequences, such as contracting STIs, committing sexual abuse, damaging relationships, and developing other addictions. 27.5% of affected individuals contracted an STI on at least one occasion as a result of their hypersexual behavior, and 12% of affected individuals engage in excessive, unprotected sex with multiple anonymous partners.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Sexual Addictions Statistics [2023]: Impacts & Treatments |url=https://sexualalpha.com/sexual-addictions-statistics/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129113624/https://sexualalpha.com/sexual-addictions-statistics/ |archive-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koós |first1=Mónika |last2=Bőthe |first2=Beáta |last3=Orosz |first3=Gábor |last4=Potenza |first4=Marc N. |last5=Reid |first5=Rory C. |last6=Demetrovics |first6=Zsolt |date=2020-12-03 |title=The negative consequences of hypersexuality: Revisiting the factor structure of the Hypersexual Behavior Consequences Scale and its correlates in a large, non-clinical sample |journal=Addictive Behaviors Reports |volume=13 |article-number=100321 |doi=10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100321  |doi-access=free|issn=2352-8532 |pmc=7750154 |pmid=33364331}}</ref> Additionally, an overwhelming 89% affected individuals admit to engaging in sexual activities outside of their primary relationship.<ref name=":3" /> This can negatively affect one's interpersonal and sexual relationships. In fact, 22.8% of sex addicts have had a relationship end due to their behaviors.<ref name=":3"/>

Furthermore, those with hypersexuality are more likely to have had or acquire another addiction. Multiple addictions are also prevalent amongst affected individuals. Common co-occurring disorders and addictions hypersexual individuals include eating disorders, compulsive spending, chemical dependency, and uncontrollable gambling.<ref name=":3"/>

== Assessment ==
Those seeking treatment for hypersexual behavior are a heterogeneous group, thus a thorough assessment is required to evaluate what kinds of behaviors and conditions need to be addressed and treated. It is essential for clinicians to conduct a comprehensive clinical interview with the patient, in which they address the history of their presenting problems, psychological history, sexual history, psychiatric history, mental health history, substance use history, and medical history.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/> Understanding these facets of an individual exhibiting hypersexual behavior is crucial due to the diverse array of comorbid conditions potentially linked to hypersexuality. The presence of ongoing treatment for any coexisting conditions in the individual can also have an impact on their symptoms and subsequent therapeutic interventions. Supplemental information from a spouse or family member could also be used during assessments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elrafei |first1=Heba |last2=Jamali |first2=Qutub |date=30 November 2021 |title=Assessment and treatment of hypersexuality: a review |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/assessment-and-treatment-of-hypersexuality-a-review/DF56B43D27365C746D21BAC21D476928 |journal=BJPsych Advances |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=198–205 |doi=10.1192/bja.2021.68 |issn=2056-4678|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In addition to this, various questionnaires and instruments may be used to further assess various aspects of an individual's behaviors and symptoms. Some common questionnaires that are used in assessments are the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scale,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=Erick |last2=Vorst |first2=Harrie |last3=Finn |first3=Peter |last4=Bancroft |first4=John |date=2002-05-01 |title=The sexual inhibition (SIS) and sexual excitation (SES) scales: II. Predicting psychophysiological response patterns |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=127–132 |doi=10.1080/00224490209552131 |pmid=12476244 |s2cid=30279794 |issn=0022-4499}}</ref> Intensity of Sexual Desire and Symptoms Scale,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rösler |first1=Ariel |last2=Witztum |first2=Eliezer |date=1998-02-12 |title=Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=7 |pages=416–422 |doi=10.1056/nejm199802123380702 |pmid=9459644 |issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free }}</ref> Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coleman, Michael Miner, Fred Ohlerk |first=Eli |date=July 2001 |title=Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory: A Preliminary Study of Reliability and Validity |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=325–332 |doi=10.1080/009262301317081070 |pmid=11441516 |s2cid=216091399 |issn=0092-623X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marchetti |first=Igor |date=2023 |title=The Structure of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: A Network Analysis Study |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=1271–1284 |doi=10.1007/s10508-023-02549-y |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=36735169|pmc=10102046 }}</ref> Sexual Compulsivity Scale,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalichman |first1=Seth C. |last2=Rompa |first2=David |date=June 2001 |title=The Sexual Compulsivity Scale: Further Development and Use With HIV-Positive Persons |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=379–395 |doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa7603_02 |pmid=11499453 |s2cid=23701672 |issn=0022-3891}}</ref> and the Sexual Addiction Screening Test<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carnes |first1=Patrick |last2=Green |first2=Bradley |last3=Carnes |first3=Stefanie |date=2021 |title=Sexual Addiction Screening Test--Revised Version |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t75674-000 }}</ref> amongst others. Different instruments can also be used in assessments, including but not limited to the Clinical Global Impression Scale,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Kenneth E. |date=November 2008 |title=Handbook of Psychiatric Measures, 2nd Editionedited by A. John Rush, Jr., M.D., Michael B. First, M.D., and Deborah Blacker, M.D., Sc.D.; Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2008, 828 pages, $195, CD-ROM included |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=59 |issue=11 |page=1351 |doi=10.1176/ps.2008.59.11.1351 |issn=1075-2730}}</ref> Timeline Followback,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trevin |first1=A. |last2=Carter Sobell |first2=L. |last3=Sobell |first3=M. |date=November 2012 |title=PRM124 Translation of the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) in 4 Languages |journal=Value in Health |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=A483 |doi=10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.1587 |issn=1098-3015|doi-access=free }}</ref> Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory II,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butcher |first1=James N. |last2=Dahlstrom |first2=W. Grant |last3=Graham |first3=John R. |last4=Tellegen |first4=Auke |last5=Kaemmer |first5=Beverly |date=2001 |title=Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 |website=PsycTESTS Dataset|doi=10.1037/t15120-000 }}</ref> and the Millon Inventory.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI–III) |date=2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law |location=Thousand Oaks California |publisher=SAGE Publications |doi=10.4135/9781412959537.n196 |isbn=978-1-4129-5189-0 }}</ref>

==Treatment==
The first step to treat hypersexual behavior is to help the individual stop or control their urges. There are a multitude of different treatment options for those experiencing hypersexual behaviors, and many clinicians recommend a multifaceted approach. Treatment plans are created after assessing the individual, so treatment methods can vary depending on an individual's history, current symptoms, and any comorbid conditions they may have. Common treatment methods include cognitive-behavioral therapy, relapse-prevention therapy, psychodynamic psychosocial therapy, and psychopharmacological treatment, which can be implemented through individual therapy, couple's therapy, and/or group therapy.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/>

The concept of hypersexuality as an addiction was started in the 1970s by former members of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] who felt they experienced a similar lack of control and compulsivity with sexual behaviors as with alcohol.<ref name="Levine1988" /><ref>{{cite journal
| last1        = Goleman
| first1       = Daniel
| date         = October 16, 1984
| title        = Some Sexual Behavior Viewed as an Addiction
| journal      = [[New York Times]]
| pages        = Cl, C9
| access-date   = 2012-10-15
| url          = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/16/science/some-sexual-behavior-viewed-as-an-addiction.html
}}</ref> Multiple [[12 Step|12-step style self-help group]]s now exist for people who identify as sex addicts, including [[Sex Addicts Anonymous]], [[Sexaholics Anonymous]], [[Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous]], and [[Sexual Compulsives Anonymous]]. Some hypersexual men may treat their condition with the usage of medication (such as [[cyproterone acetate]]) or consuming foods considered to be [[anaphrodisiac]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/pgn.2015.0119|title=Aphrodisiacs, Fertility and Medicine in Early Modern England by Jennifer Evans |year=2015 |last1=Bitomsky |first1=Jane |journal=Parergon |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=293–294 |s2cid=147637623 }}</ref> Other hypersexuals may choose a route of consultation, such as psychotherapy, self-help groups or counselling.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/26641/1/PubSub3129_Griffiths.pdf |doi=10.1007/s11469-014-9485-2|title=Treatment of Sexual Addiction within the British National Health Service |year=2014 |last1=Griffiths |first1=Mark D. |last2=Dhuffar |first2=Manpreet K. |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=561–571 |s2cid=20280073 }}</ref>

==Terminology==
[[Sexologists]] have been using the term ''hypersexuality'' since the late 1800s, when [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing|Krafft-Ebing]] described several cases of extreme sexual behaviours in his seminal 1886 book, ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]].''<ref>{{Cite book |last=von Krafft-Ebing |first=R. |title=Psychopathia sexualis: A medico–forensic study |publisher=Putnam |orig-date=1886 |year=1965 |edition=[[Harry E. Wedeck|H. E. Wedeck]], Trans. |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Kafka2010">{{Cite journal |last=Kafka |first=M. P. |title=Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |year=2010 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=377–400 |author-link=Martin Kafka |url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Sex%20and%20GID%20Lit%20Reviews/Paraphilias/KAFKAHD.pdf |doi=10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7 |pmid=19937105 |s2cid=2190694 |access-date=2013-01-02 |archive-date=2012-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914110342/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Sex%20and%20GID%20Lit%20Reviews/Paraphilias/KAFKAHD.pdf }}</ref> The author used the term "hypersexuality" to describe conditions that would now be termed [[premature ejaculation]]. Terms to describe males with the condition include ''[[donjuanist]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sifuentes-Jáuregui|first1=B|title=Transvestism, Masculinity, and Latin American Literature: Genders Share Flesh|date=2002|page=207|publisher=Springer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBt-DAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-230-10728-1}}</ref> ''satyromaniac'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scruton|first1=Roger|title=Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation|date=2015|page=168|publisher=Bloomsbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ckfCgAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-4729-2784-2}}</ref> ''satyriac''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eghigian |first=Greg |date=August 2012 |title=Hypersexual disorder: an encounter with Don Juan in the archives |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA301776602&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=08932905&p=AONE&sw=w |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=29 |issue=8 |page=18}}</ref> and ''satyriasist'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spooner|first1=Henry|title=American Journal of Urology and Sexology|date=1918|page=565}}</ref> for women ''clitoromaniac'',<ref>Plummer, Ken. "A sociological perspective." Sexualities: Difference and the diversity of sexualities 3 (2002): 43.</ref> ''nympho'' and ''nymphomaniac'',<ref>{{cite book|editor=Craigshead, W. Edward|editor2=Nemeroff, Charles|editor-link2=Charles Nemeroff|title=The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science|edition=3rd|publisher=Wiley|date=2004|page=630}}</ref> for teleiophilic (attracted to adults) [[heterosexual]] women ''andromaniac'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trout |first=Steven |year=1997 |title=Decadence & Modernism |journal=English Literature in Transition |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=210–214}}</ref> while ''hypersexualist'', ''sexaholic'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gozzi | first=Raymond Jr. |date=Spring 1995 |title=Confessions of a metaphoraholic |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |url=https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=googlescholar&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA16744693&sid=classroomWidget&asid=b132564d |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=51–55 }}</ref> ''onanist'', ''hyperphiliac'' and ''erotomaniac''<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J056v04n02_04|doi = 10.1300/J056v04n02_04|title = Compulsive Sexual Behavior|year = 1991|last1 = Coleman|first1 = Eli|journal = Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality|volume = 4|issue = 2|pages = 37–52|url-access = subscription}}</ref> are gender neutral terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/full-comment/jen-gerson-feel-free-to-opt-for-the-epidural-sans-guilt-new-moms|title=Jen Gerson: Feel free to opt for the epidural sans guilt, new moms|date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

Other, mostly historical, names are the [[Messalina]] complex,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00157.x|doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00157.x|title = Hypersexuality: Implications for a Theory of Dependence|year = 1978|last1 = Orford|first1 = Jim|journal = Addiction|volume = 73|issue = 3|pages = 299–310|pmid = 280354|url-access = subscription}}</ref> sexaholism,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10720160500529292|doi = 10.1080/10720160500529292|title = Sexaholism: A Perspective|year = 2006|last1 = Longo-Disse|first1 = Samadhi Carol|journal = Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity|volume = 13|pages = 69–94|s2cid = 145338301|url-access = subscription}}</ref> hyperlibido<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.3928/0048-5713-19920601-09|title=Is Your Patient Suffering from Compulsive Sexual Behavior? |year=1992 |last1=Coleman |first1=Eli |journal=Psychiatric Annals |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=320–325 }}</ref> and furor uterinus.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/494887|doi = 10.1086/494887|title = Nymphomania: The Historical Construction of Female Sexuality|year = 1994|last1 = Groneman|first1 = Carol|journal = Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume = 19|issue = 2|pages = 337–367|s2cid = 143081405|url-access = subscription}}</ref> [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester]] described hypersexuality in some of his literature.<ref name="wxw0v">{{cite book | last1=Davies | first1=M. | last2=Owens | first2=W.R. | title=The Oxford Handbook of John Bunyan | publisher=OUP Oxford | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-164944-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 | access-date=2023-06-18 | page=125}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Psychology|Human sexuality}}
* [[Asexuality]]
* [[Erotophilia]]
* [[Paraphilia]]
* [[Persistent genital arousal disorder]]
* [[Pornography addiction]]
* [[Sexual Compulsivity Scale]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:libidinist}}
* [[wikt:Wikisaurus:libidinist|WikiSaurus:libidinist]]

{{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected = physical}}
{{Borderline personality disorder}}
{{Sex}}
{{Human sexuality}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sexual dysfunctions]]
[[Category:Casual sex]]
[[Category:Sexual addiction]]
[[Category:Sexual arousal]]
[[Category:Sexual health]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual disorders]]