View source for Brodiaea

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|taxon = Brodiaea
|image = Brodiaea californica ssp leptandra 1.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Brodiaea californica]]'' ssp. ''leptandra''
|name=Cluster-lily
|authority = [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|Sm.]] 
|type_species = ''[[Brodiaea coronaria]]''
|type_species_authority =(Salisb.) [[Willis Linn Jepson|Jeps.]]
|synonyms = ''Hookera'' <small>Salisb., rejected name</small> 
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="melany"/>
}}

'''''Brodiaea''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|r|oʊ|ˈ|d|iː|ə|,_|ˌ|b|r|oʊ|d|i|ˈ||iː|ə}},{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} also known by the [[common name]] '''cluster-lilies''', is a [[monocot]] [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s.

One school of thought places the genus in the family {{C|Themidaceae}}, while another school of thought places it in the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of the family [[Asparagaceae]].<ref>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?key=93795  Jepson Herbarium, Jepson eFlora: Key to Themidaceae] . accessed 29 April 2016.</ref><ref name=jepsoneflora>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=9493 Jepson Herbarium, Jepson eFlora: ''Brodiaea'', family Themidaceae] . accessed 29 April 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/specieslist.cgi?where-family=THEMIDACEAE Calflora Database: Themidaceae genera] . accessed 1 May 2016.</ref><ref name=calflora>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/specieslist.cgi?where-genus=Brodiaea Calflora: ''Brodiaea'', family Themidaceae] . accessed 1 May 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pires|first1=J. C.|last2=Sytsma|first2=K. J.|title=A phylogenetic evaluation of a biosystematic framework: ''Brodiaea'' and related petaloid monocots ('''Themidaceae''')|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|date=1 August 2002|volume=89|issue=8|pages=1342–1359|doi=10.3732/ajb.89.8.1342|pmid=21665737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Brodiaeoideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Themidaceae }}</ref><ref name="FNA">{{cite book
  | last = Pires
  | first = J. Chris
  | chapter = 63. ''Brodiaea'' Smith
  | title = Flora of North America
  | volume =26
  | pages =Page 20, 53, 55, '''321''', 326, 328, 331, 332, 336, 3
  | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
  | location = New York & Oxford
  | chapter-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104654
  | access-date = 2008-06-27 }}</ref>  The [[USDA]] Plants Database still classifies the genus ''Brodiaea'' in the family [[Liliaceae]].<ref>[https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=BRODI&display=31 USDA Plants Database: Classification of ''Brodiaea''] . accessed 1 May 2016.</ref>

''Brodiaea'' species occur along the [[Pacific Coast]] region of [[North America]], from [[British Columbia]] throughout [[California]] into the [[Baja California Peninsula]].<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=BRODI USDA Plants: Distribution map of ''Brodiaea'']</ref> They are especially common in [[northern California]].<ref name="melany">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=301035 Kew World Checklist of Selected  Plant Families]</ref>

==Description==
''Brodiaea'' species are [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[Perennial plant|perennials]], growing from [[corm]]s. Between one and six narrow leaves are produced from the corm. The bare flowering stem ([[Scape (botany)|scape]]) carries an [[umbel]] of flowers. Individual flowers have six blue to purple [[tepal]]s, joined at the base to form a tube with free lobes at the mouth. The outer three tepal lobes are narrower than the inner three.<ref name=FNA/>

In almost all species, inside the tepals and joined to their bases are three sterile stamens ([[staminode]]s), resembling small [[petal]]s, each opposite one of the outer tepals. Three normal [[stamen]]s are also joined to the bases of the tepals and are placed opposite the inner ones. The base of the filaments of the stamens may be expanded into various shapes, such as flaps or wings. The size and shape of the staminodes and of the structures at the base of the filaments are important diagnostic characters. The [[Gynoecium#Pistils|compound pistil]] is formed of three [[carpel]]s forming a superior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] with three [[locule]]s. The style which emerges between the three stamens has a three-lobed [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]]. The seeds are black.<ref name=FNA/>

==Taxonomy==
===Nomenclature===
The origin of the scientific name of the genus is somewhat tangled. Specimens of what is now called ''Brodiaea'' were first collected by [[Archibald Menzies]], botanist to the [[Vancouver Expedition]], in 1792. Menzies collected the plant from the vicinity of the [[Strait of Georgia]], named "New Georgia" by [[George Vancouver]]. The first published reference to the plant did not give it a name. This was in [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|James Edward Smith]]'s 1807 ''An introduction to physiological and systematical botany'', where Smith used it to argue that the [[tepal]]s of [[lilioid monocot|liliaceous]] plants are [[sepal]]s rather than [[petal]]s: {{blockquote|"I cannot conceal a recent discovery which strongly confirms the opinion of my acute and candid friend. Two species of a new genus, found by Mr. Menzies on the West coast of [[North America]], have beautiful liliaceous flowers like an Agapanthus, with six internal petals besides!"<ref name="Smith 1807">{{cite book | first = James Edward | last = Smith | author-link = James Edward Smith (botanist) | year = 1807 | title = An introduction to physiological and systematical botany | page = [[Wikisource:An introduction to physiological and systematical botany#261|261]]| title-link = Wikisource:An introduction to physiological and systematical botany }}</ref>}}

The following year, early in 1808, [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Richard Salisbury]] published a description of the first ''Brodiaea'' species in ''[[The Paradisus Londinensis]]'', naming it ''Hookera coronaria'', the genus name being in honour of the illustrator [[William Hooker (botanical illustrator)|William Hooker]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salisbury |first=R.S. |chapter=''Hookera coronaria'' |title=The Paradisus Londinensis |others=t. 98 |year=1808 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36898369 |access-date=2013-09-11 }}</ref> Shortly afterwards, Smith named a moss genus ''[[Hookeria]]'', and in April 1808, he read to the [[Linnean Society of London]] a formal description of a new genus, based on the same species as Salisbury's ''Hookera coronaria'', naming the genus ''Brodiaea'' in honour of Scottish botanist [[James Brodie (botanist)|James Brodie]].<ref name="Smith 1811">{{cite journal | first = James Edward | last = Smith | year = 1810 | title = Characters of a new Liliaceous Genus called Brodiæa | journal = [[Wikisource:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London]] | volume = [[Wikisource:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10|X]] | pages = 1–5| title-link = Wikisource:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 10/Characters of a new Liliaceous Genus called Brodiaea | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00010.x}}</ref> Formal publication did not occur, however, until Smith's presentation went to print in 1810. [[George Simonds Boulger|George Boulger]], writing in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'', says that Smith's actions were deliberately intended to deprive Salisbury of credit for the genus.<ref name=DNB00>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Salisbury, Richard Anthony |first=George Simonds |last=Boulger |author-link=George Simonds Boulger |volume=50 }}</ref>

If this was Smith's intention it was successful, since although Salisbury's genus name ''Hookera'' has [[Priority (nomenclature)|priority]] over Smith's name ''Brodiaea'', names as similar as ''Hookera'' and ''Hookeria'' are considered to be confusing and a formal proposal to [[Conserved name|conserve]] the names ''Brodiaea'' and ''Hookeria'' over the name ''Hookera'' was accepted.<ref name=RickStaf59>{{Cite journal |last1=Rickett |first1=H.W. |last2=Stafleu |first2=F.A. |year=1959 |title=Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda spermatophytorum |journal=Taxon |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=213–243 |doi=10.2307/1217883 |name-list-style=amp|jstor=1217883 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/572525 }}</ref> ''Brodiaea'' is thus a "conserved name" or "''nomen conservandum''", shown by the abbreviation "''nom. cons.''" after the name in botanical sources. The [[type (biology)|type]] species is now ''[[Brodiaea coronaria]]'', and the original type, ''Brodiaea grandiflora'' <small>Sm.</small>, is an illegitimate name.<ref name=ing>{{cite web |url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Brodiaea |title = ''Brodiaea'' |access-date = 2008-06-27 |year = 1996 |work = Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum)|publisher = [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]|editor=Farr, E. R. and G. Zijlstra}}</ref>

===Phylogeny and classification===
''Brodiaea'' belongs to a group of 12 genera whose [[Phylogenetic tree|affinities]] were the subject of much controversy until the end of the 20th century. Salisbury treated them as a family which he named Themidaceae. Others placed this group at lower [[taxonomic rank]] and usually included them in [[Liliaceae]], [[Alliaceae]], or [[Amaryllidaceae]]. [[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies confirmed the suspicions of many that this group was misplaced, and consequently, the [[Family (biology)|family]] Themidaceae was resurrected in 1996.<ref name="fay1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Fay | first1 = Michael F. | last2 = Chase | first2 = Mark W. | year = 1996 | title = Resurrection of Themidaceae for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Agapanthoideae | journal = Taxon | volume = 45 | issue = 3| pages = 441–451 | doi=10.2307/1224136| jstor = 1224136 }}</ref> When the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] published the [[APG II system]] in 2003, Themidaceae was accepted as an optional family for those who wanted to [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribe]] families narrowly in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the former Themidaceae was treated as a [[subfamily]], Brodiaeoideae, of the family [[Asparagaceae]] [[sensu lato]].<ref name="crf2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Chase | first1 = Mark W. | last2 = Reveal | first2 = James L. | last3 = Fay | first3 = Michael F. | year = 2009| title = A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 161 | issue = 2| pages = 132–136 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x| doi-access = free }}</ref>

Some sources, such as [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]], continue to use the [[polyphyletic]] [[Taxon|groups]] of obsolete [[Plant taxonomy|taxonomic]] systems.<ref>{{ITIS |id=42803 |taxon=''Brodiaea coronaria'' (Salisb.) Engl. |accessdate=27 June 2008}}</ref> Other sources, such as the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] mostly follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.<ref name=APW_Asp>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Asparagales
 | title = Asparagales Bromhead
 | access-date = 2008-06-27
 | last = Stevens |first=P.F.
 | work = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
 | publisher = [[Missouri Botanical Garden]]
 }}</ref>

Brodiaea (or brodeia<ref>[http://www.jpbeardsley.com//newplantslist.doc Encyclopedia of Herbs]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) is also used as a common name to refer to three genera, ''Brodiaea'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', and ''[[Triteleia]]''.  The latter two genera were once included as part of the genus ''Brodiaea''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1721
 |title        = Species Records of ''Brodiaea''
 |access-date   = 2008-06-27
 |author       = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
 |author-link   = Germplasm Resources Information Network
 |date         = 2007-10-05
 |work         = Taxonomy for Plants
 |publisher    = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120104749/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1721
 |archive-date = 2009-01-20
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref>
The [[monophyly]] of ''Brodiaea'' as presently defined is not entirely certain. It might be [[Paraphyly|intermixed]] with ''Dichelostemma''.<ref name="pires2001">{{cite journal | last1 = Pires | first1 = J. Chris | last2 = Fay | first2 = Michael F. | last3 = Davis | first3 = Warren S. | last4 = Hufford | first4 = Larry | last5 = Rova | first5 = Johan | last6 = Chase | first6 = Mark W. | last7 = Sytsma | first7 = Kenneth J. | year = 2001 | title = Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of Themidaceae (Asparagales) | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 601–626 | doi=10.2307/4117686| jstor = 4117686 | bibcode = 2001KewBu..56..601P }}</ref>

===Species===
{{As of|2013|September}}, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] lists the following 17 species.<ref name=jepsoneflora/><ref name=calflora/><ref name="WCSP_Brodiaea">Search for "Brodiaea", {{Cite web |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |access-date=2013-09-12 }}</ref><ref name=usdataxa>[http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=BRODI  USDA Plants Profile for ''Brodiaea'' − "Subordinate Taxa" tab] . accessed 29 April 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.gbif.org/species/101317597 US National Plant Germplasm System−GRIN Taxonomy of ''Brodiaea''—  with Subordinate Taxa list/links] . accessed 1 May 2016.</ref>  English common names are from the ''Flora of North America''.<ref name="FNA"/>

# ''[[Brodiaea appendiculata]]'' <small>Hoover</small> - appendage cluster-lily - central California
# ''[[Brodiaea californica]]'' <small>Lindl. ex Lem.</small> - California cluster-lily - northern California, southwestern Oregon
# ''[[Brodiaea coronaria]]'' <small>(Salisb.) Jeps.</small> - harvest cluster-lily; Californian hyacinth - British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, much of California
# ''[[Brodiaea elegans]]'' <small>Hoover</small> - elegant cluster-lily - western Oregon, most of California
# ''[[Brodiaea filifolia]]'' <small>S.Watson</small> - threadleaf cluster-lily - southern California
# ''[[Brodiaea insignis]]'' <small>(Jeps.) Niehaus</small>  - Kaweah cluster-lily - [[Tulare County, California|Tulare County]]
# ''[[Brodiaea jolonensis]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> - chaparral cluster-lily - southern California, northern [[Baja California]]
# ''[[Brodiaea kinkiensis]]'' <small>Niehaus</small> - San Clemente Island cluster-lily - [[San Clemente Island]]
# ''[[Brodiaea matsonii]]'' <small>R.E.Preston</small> - [[Shasta County, California|Shasta County]]
# ''[[Brodiaea minor]]'' <small>(Benth.) S.Watson</small> (syn. ''Brodiaea purdyi'' <small>Eastw.</small>) - vernalpool cluster-lily - northern California 
# ''[[Brodiaea nana]]'' <small>Hoover</small> - northern California 
# ''[[Brodiaea orcuttii]]'' <small>(Greene) Baker</small> - Orcutt's cluster-lily - southern California, northern [[Baja California]]
# ''[[Brodiaea pallida]]'' <small>Hoover</small> - Chinese Camp cluster-lily - [[Calaveras County, California|Calaveras]] and [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne]] Counties
# ''[[Brodiaea santarosae]]'' <small>T.J.Chester</small> - Santa Rosa basalt brodiaea - [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]] and [[San Diego County, California|San Diego]] Counties
# ''[[Brodiaea sierrae]]'' <small>R.E.Preston</small>  - [[Butte County, California|Butte]], [[Yuba County, California|Yuba]] and [[Nevada County, California|Nevada]] Counties
# ''[[Brodiaea stellaris]]'' <small>S.Watson</small> - starflower cluster-lily - [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]], [[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]] and [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]] Counties
# ''[[Brodiaea terrestris]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> - dwarf cluster-lily - southwestern Oregon and much of coastal and southern California

===Formerly included===
Numerous other names have been coined using the name ''Brodiaea'', referring to species now regarded as better suited to other genera (''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Beauverdia]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Leucocoryne]]'', ''[[Nothoscordum]]'', ''[[Tristagma]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'').<ref name="WCSP_Brodiaea" />

==Distribution and habitat==
''Brodiaea'' species are confined to western North America, from [[British Columbia]] in the north, through the [[West Coast of the United States]] region, to northwestern [[Mexico]] in the south.<ref name=usdataxa/><ref name=WCSP_301035>{{Cite web |title=''Brodiaea''|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=301035 |access-date=2013-09-12}}</ref> The majority of species are [[endemic]] to [[California]].<ref name=jepsoneflora/><ref name=calflora/>

Many are adapted to [[serpentine soil]]s or other soils with particular chemical compositions, resulting in limited distributions and several rare and endangered species.<ref name=FNA/> An example is ''[[Brodiaea pallida]]'', known only from two populations along the border between [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne County]] and [[Calaveras County, California]].<ref name=five>{{cite web |author=USFWS |year=2007 |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc1866.pdf |title=Five Year Review: ''B. pallida'' |access-date=2013-09-12 }}</ref>

==Cultivation==
A number of species of ''Brodiaea'' are in cultivation. Species such as ''[[Brodiaea californica|B.&nbsp;californica]]'' and ''[[Brodiaea coronaria|B.&nbsp;coronaria]]'' are recommended for sunny positions in the garden, where they extend the flowering season of most [[ornamental bulb]]s, flowering in early summer rather than in spring. The flower heads ([[umbel]]s) of larger species can be dried for use as winter decorations. Smaller species, such as ''[[Brodiaea terrestris|B.&nbsp;terrestris]]'', may be grown in a [[bulb frame]] or [[alpine house]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Brian |year=1987 |title=The Smaller Bulbs |location=London |publisher=B.T. Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4922-8 }} pp. 19–21.</ref>

==References==
[[Image:Brodiaea.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Brodiaea sp.]]
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
*
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Brodiaea|<br />Brodiaea}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*{{Wikisource-inline|Characters of a new Liliaceous Genus called Brodiaea}}
*[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/specieslist.cgi?where-genus=Brodiaea  Calflora Database: ''Brodiaea'' species]
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=9493 Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of ''Brodiaea'']
*[https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=BRODI&display=31 USDA Plants Profile for ''Brodiaea'' species (brodiaea)]

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[[Category:Brodiaea| ]]
[[Category:Asparagaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of California]]